1. – 6. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

The archaeological findings in the cave were so —- that researchers initially struggled to categorize the sheer volume of artifacts recovered from a single site.

The witness was able to describe the suspect —-, despite the fact that the incident had occurred under very poor lighting conditions.

The CEO’s decision to merge the two departments met with considerable —- from the staff, who feared that their roles would become redundant.

In recent years, the government has been criticized for failing to —- the laws that protect the rights of seasonal agricultural workers.

The scientist’s ground-breaking theory was initially —- by his peers, but it eventually gained widespread acceptance after further evidence emerged.

Before the final product is launched, the engineering team must —- a series of rigorous safety tests to ensure there are no technical flaws.

7. – 16. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

—- the high cost of raw materials and the shortage of skilled labor, the construction company managed to complete the bridge ahead of schedule.

The new software update is designed to improve system security; —-, it offers a more user-friendly interface for the employees.

The success of the environmental project depends largely —- the cooperation —- the local community and the international funding agencies.

The novel was —- critically acclaimed for its intricate plot —- commercially successful, breaking sales records in its first week.

By the time the new regulations —- into effect next January, most corporations —- their internal policies to comply with the new standards.

If the committee —- the proposal more thoroughly last month, they —- the errors that led to the project’s eventual failure.

Ancient manuscripts found in the desert —- that the civilization —- highly advanced irrigation techniques long before the modern era.

The professor decided to postpone the lecture —- the majority of the students were unable to attend due to the heavy snowfall.

Many researchers are currently involved —- a study that investigates the impact of social media —- the cognitive development of teenagers.

The article highlights the discrepancy —- the projected economic growth and the actual figures recorded —- the last fiscal year.

17. – 21. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

Although technological innovation has significantly improved communication across the globe, it has also introduced a range of social and psychological concerns. Social media platforms, (17) —- were originally designed to facilitate interaction, have increasingly been associated (18) —- issues such as anxiety, misinformation, and social isolation. Researchers argue that these effects are not solely caused by the technology itself, but rather (19) —- the ways in which it is used. Consequently, many experts call (20) —- stricter regulations and digital literacy programmes (21) —- users can engage with online content more critically.

Although technological innovation has significantly improved communication across the globe, it has also introduced a range of social and psychological concerns. Social media platforms, (17) —- were originally designed to facilitate interaction, have increasingly been associated (18) —- issues such as anxiety, misinformation, and social isolation. Researchers argue that these effects are not solely caused by the technology itself, but rather (19) —- the ways in which it is used. Consequently, many experts call (20) —- stricter regulations and digital literacy programmes (21) —- users can engage with online content more critically.

Although technological innovation has significantly improved communication across the globe, it has also introduced a range of social and psychological concerns. Social media platforms, (17) —- were originally designed to facilitate interaction, have increasingly been associated (18) —- issues such as anxiety, misinformation, and social isolation. Researchers argue that these effects are not solely caused by the technology itself, but rather (19) —- the ways in which it is used. Consequently, many experts call (20) —- stricter regulations and digital literacy programmes (21) —- users can engage with online content more critically.

Although technological innovation has significantly improved communication across the globe, it has also introduced a range of social and psychological concerns. Social media platforms, (17) —- were originally designed to facilitate interaction, have increasingly been associated (18) —- issues such as anxiety, misinformation, and social isolation. Researchers argue that these effects are not solely caused by the technology itself, but rather (19) —- the ways in which it is used. Consequently, many experts call (20) —- stricter regulations and digital literacy programmes (21) —- users can engage with online content more critically.

Although technological innovation has significantly improved communication across the globe, it has also introduced a range of social and psychological concerns. Social media platforms, (17) —- were originally designed to facilitate interaction, have increasingly been associated (18) —- issues such as anxiety, misinformation, and social isolation. Researchers argue that these effects are not solely caused by the technology itself, but rather (19) —- the ways in which it is used. Consequently, many experts call (20) —- stricter regulations and digital literacy programmes (21) —- users can engage with online content more critically.

22. – 26. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

[html]The nature of dark matter remains one of the most significant mysteries in modern astrophysics. Although it does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, its presence is inferred (22) —– its gravitational effects on visible matter. Observations of galaxy rotation curves suggest that there is far more mass in the universe than (23) —– through traditional telescopes. Physicists have proposed various candidates for dark matter particles, (24) —– none have been directly detected in laboratory experiments yet. If scientists were to identify the fundamental particles that constitute this invisible substance, it (25) —– our understanding of the cosmos. Until then, dark matter continues to challenge the laws of physics as we (26) —– them.

The nature of dark matter remains one of the most significant mysteries in modern astrophysics. Although it does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, its presence is inferred (22) —– its gravitational effects on visible matter. Observations of galaxy rotation curves suggest that there is far more mass in the universe than (23) —– through traditional telescopes. Physicists have proposed various candidates for dark matter particles, (24) —– none have been directly detected in laboratory experiments yet. If scientists were to identify the fundamental particles that constitute this invisible substance, it (25) —– our understanding of the cosmos. Until then, dark matter continues to challenge the laws of physics as we (26) —– them.

The nature of dark matter remains one of the most significant mysteries in modern astrophysics. Although it does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, its presence is inferred (22) —– its gravitational effects on visible matter. Observations of galaxy rotation curves suggest that there is far more mass in the universe than (23) —– through traditional telescopes. Physicists have proposed various candidates for dark matter particles, (24) —– none have been directly detected in laboratory experiments yet. If scientists were to identify the fundamental particles that constitute this invisible substance, it (25) —– our understanding of the cosmos. Until then, dark matter continues to challenge the laws of physics as we (26) —– them.

The nature of dark matter remains one of the most significant mysteries in modern astrophysics. Although it does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, its presence is inferred (22) —– its gravitational effects on visible matter. Observations of galaxy rotation curves suggest that there is far more mass in the universe than (23) —– through traditional telescopes. Physicists have proposed various candidates for dark matter particles, (24) —– none have been directly detected in laboratory experiments yet. If scientists were to identify the fundamental particles that constitute this invisible substance, it (25) —– our understanding of the cosmos. Until then, dark matter continues to challenge the laws of physics as we (26) —– them.

The nature of dark matter remains one of the most significant mysteries in modern astrophysics. Although it does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, its presence is inferred (22) —– its gravitational effects on visible matter. Observations of galaxy rotation curves suggest that there is far more mass in the universe than (23) —– through traditional telescopes. Physicists have proposed various candidates for dark matter particles, (24) —– none have been directly detected in laboratory experiments yet. If scientists were to identify the fundamental particles that constitute this invisible substance, it (25) —– our understanding of the cosmos. Until then, dark matter continues to challenge the laws of physics as we (26) —– them.

27. – 36. sorularda, tümceyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulun.

Traditional brick-and-mortar retailers are struggling to remain competitive —-.

—-, the researcher was able to identify a previously unknown genetic mutation.

The economic sanctions remained in place —-.

—-, the architect decided to incorporate extravagant decoration materials into the skyscraper’s design.

The ancient ruins provide invaluable insights into the daily lives of the civilization —-.

—-, the legal team filed a motion to dismiss the case.

The patient’s condition began to deteriorate rapidly —-.

—-, it is essential to consider the ethical implications of artificial intelligence.

The treaty that was signed under the supervision of the United Nations —-.

—-, the company would have declared bankruptcy years ago.

37. – 42. sorularda, verilen İngilizce tümceye anlamca en yakın Türkçe tümceyi, Türkçe tümceye anlamca en yakın İngilizce tümceyi bulun.

While the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence offers unprecedented opportunities for economic growth, it also poses significant ethical challenges that must be addressed by global policymakers.

The preservation of biodiversity is not merely an environmental concern but a fundamental necessity for the long-term survival of the human race and the stability of global ecosystems.

Despite having achieved considerable success in reducing extreme poverty over the last two decades, several developing nations still struggle with high levels of income inequality and limited access to quality education.

Kuantum bilgisayarların geliştirilmesi, günümüzün en güçlü süper bilgisayarlarının bile çözemediği karmaşık problemleri saniyeler içinde hallederek teknolojide bir devrim yaratabilir.

Hükümetin karbon emisyonlarını azaltma konusundaki kararlılığına rağmen, sanayi sektöründeki büyüme hedefleri çevresel sürdürülebilirlik çabalarıyla çelişmeye devam ediyor.

Birçok psikolog, sosyal medya kullanımının gençlerin özsaygısı üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini araştırmış ve kronik sosyal karşılaştırmanın depresyon riskini artırdığı sonucuna varmıştır.

43. – 46. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

Memory is not a unitary entity but a sophisticated, multi-layered system designed to encode, store, and retrieve information across varying timescales. At the primary level, sensory memory acts as a high-capacity, albeit ephemeral, buffer that retains raw environmental stimuli for a fraction of a second. Information that captures focused attention is then transitioned into short-term memory—often referred to as working memory—where it is manipulated and processed. However, the true marvel of human cognition lies in long-term memory, which is bifurcated into explicit (declarative) and implicit (procedural) systems. While the former involves the conscious recollection of facts and events, the latter governs the automated skills and conditioned responses that bypass conscious awareness. Neuroscientific research has elucidated the role of the hippocampus as a critical junction for memory consolidation; however, long-term storage is widely distributed across the cerebral cortex. Despite its robustness, memory is inherently fallible and constructive. Rather than functioning like a literal video recording, the act of retrieval often involves a reconstruction of the past, making it susceptible to distortion and the integration of post-event misinformation.

According to the passage, the distinction between explicit and implicit memory is based on —-.

Memory is not a unitary entity but a sophisticated, multi-layered system designed to encode, store, and retrieve information across varying timescales. At the primary level, sensory memory acts as a high-capacity, albeit ephemeral, buffer that retains raw environmental stimuli for a fraction of a second. Information that captures focused attention is then transitioned into short-term memory—often referred to as working memory—where it is manipulated and processed. However, the true marvel of human cognition lies in long-term memory, which is bifurcated into explicit (declarative) and implicit (procedural) systems. While the former involves the conscious recollection of facts and events, the latter governs the automated skills and conditioned responses that bypass conscious awareness. Neuroscientific research has elucidated the role of the hippocampus as a critical junction for memory consolidation; however, long-term storage is widely distributed across the cerebral cortex. Despite its robustness, memory is inherently fallible and constructive. Rather than functioning like a literal video recording, the act of retrieval often involves a reconstruction of the past, making it susceptible to distortion and the integration of post-event misinformation.

It can be inferred from the passage that the human memory system —-.

Memory is not a unitary entity but a sophisticated, multi-layered system designed to encode, store, and retrieve information across varying timescales. At the primary level, sensory memory acts as a high-capacity, albeit ephemeral, buffer that retains raw environmental stimuli for a fraction of a second. Information that captures focused attention is then transitioned into short-term memory—often referred to as working memory—where it is manipulated and processed. However, the true marvel of human cognition lies in long-term memory, which is bifurcated into explicit (declarative) and implicit (procedural) systems. While the former involves the conscious recollection of facts and events, the latter governs the automated skills and conditioned responses that bypass conscious awareness. Neuroscientific research has elucidated the role of the hippocampus as a critical junction for memory consolidation; however, long-term storage is widely distributed across the cerebral cortex. Despite its robustness, memory is inherently fallible and constructive. Rather than functioning like a literal video recording, the act of retrieval often involves a reconstruction of the past, making it susceptible to distortion and the integration of post-event misinformation.

The underlined word ‘elucidated’ in the passage is closest in meaning to —-.

Memory is not a unitary entity but a sophisticated, multi-layered system designed to encode, store, and retrieve information across varying timescales. At the primary level, sensory memory acts as a high-capacity, albeit ephemeral, buffer that retains raw environmental stimuli for a fraction of a second. Information that captures focused attention is then transitioned into short-term memory—often referred to as working memory—where it is manipulated and processed. However, the true marvel of human cognition lies in long-term memory, which is bifurcated into explicit (declarative) and implicit (procedural) systems. While the former involves the conscious recollection of facts and events, the latter governs the automated skills and conditioned responses that bypass conscious awareness. Neuroscientific research has elucidated the role of the hippocampus as a critical junction for memory consolidation; however, long-term storage is widely distributed across the cerebral cortex. Despite its robustness, memory is inherently fallible and constructive. Rather than functioning like a literal video recording, the act of retrieval often involves a reconstruction of the past, making it susceptible to distortion and the integration of post-event misinformation.

What is the author’s primary claim regarding the nature of memory retrieval?

47. – 50. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

The tardigrade, colloquially known as the “water bear,” is a microscopic multicellular organism that has gained scientific notoriety for its unparalleled resilience. While most life forms succumb to extreme environmental stressors, tardigrades possess the unique ability to enter a state of cryptobiosis. In this physiological “standby” mode, the organism expels nearly all the water from its body and retracts its limbs, transforming into a dried-out, dormant ball called a “tun.” In this state, tardigrades can withstand temperatures ranging from just above absolute zero to well over 150°C. Furthermore, they have demonstrated the capacity to survive the vacuum of outer space and levels of ionizing radiation that would be lethal to humans. This extraordinary endurance is facilitated by the production of unique “tardigrade-disordered proteins” (TDPs), which form a protective glass-like substance around vital cellular components, preventing structural collapse. Despite their near-indestructibility in dormant states, tardigrades are not “extremophiles” in the traditional sense; they do not thrive in harsh conditions but rather endure them until more hospitable aquatic environments return.

It is clearly stated in the passage that the “tun” state —-.

The tardigrade, colloquially known as the “water bear,” is a microscopic multicellular organism that has gained scientific notoriety for its unparalleled resilience. While most life forms succumb to extreme environmental stressors, tardigrades possess the unique ability to enter a state of cryptobiosis. In this physiological “standby” mode, the organism expels nearly all the water from its body and retracts its limbs, transforming into a dried-out, dormant ball called a “tun.” In this state, tardigrades can withstand temperatures ranging from just above absolute zero to well over 150°C. Furthermore, they have demonstrated the capacity to survive the vacuum of outer space and levels of ionizing radiation that would be lethal to humans. This extraordinary endurance is facilitated by the production of unique “tardigrade-disordered proteins” (TDPs), which form a protective glass-like substance around vital cellular components, preventing structural collapse. Despite their near-indestructibility in dormant states, tardigrades are not “extremophiles” in the traditional sense; they do not thrive in harsh conditions but rather endure them until more hospitable aquatic environments return.

It can be inferred from the passage that tardigrades —-.

The tardigrade, colloquially known as the “water bear,” is a microscopic multicellular organism that has gained scientific notoriety for its unparalleled resilience. While most life forms succumb to extreme environmental stressors, tardigrades possess the unique ability to enter a state of cryptobiosis. In this physiological “standby” mode, the organism expels nearly all the water from its body and retracts its limbs, transforming into a dried-out, dormant ball called a “tun.” In this state, tardigrades can withstand temperatures ranging from just above absolute zero to well over 150°C. Furthermore, they have demonstrated the capacity to survive the vacuum of outer space and levels of ionizing radiation that would be lethal to humans. This extraordinary endurance is facilitated by the production of unique “tardigrade-disordered proteins” (TDPs), which form a protective glass-like substance around vital cellular components, preventing structural collapse. Despite their near-indestructibility in dormant states, tardigrades are not “extremophiles” in the traditional sense; they do not thrive in harsh conditions but rather endure them until more hospitable aquatic environments return.

The underlined word ‘hospitable’ in the passage is closest in meaning to —-.

The tardigrade, colloquially known as the “water bear,” is a microscopic multicellular organism that has gained scientific notoriety for its unparalleled resilience. While most life forms succumb to extreme environmental stressors, tardigrades possess the unique ability to enter a state of cryptobiosis. In this physiological “standby” mode, the organism expels nearly all the water from its body and retracts its limbs, transforming into a dried-out, dormant ball called a “tun.” In this state, tardigrades can withstand temperatures ranging from just above absolute zero to well over 150°C. Furthermore, they have demonstrated the capacity to survive the vacuum of outer space and levels of ionizing radiation that would be lethal to humans. This extraordinary endurance is facilitated by the production of unique “tardigrade-disordered proteins” (TDPs), which form a protective glass-like substance around vital cellular components, preventing structural collapse. Despite their near-indestructibility in dormant states, tardigrades are not “extremophiles” in the traditional sense; they do not thrive in harsh conditions but rather endure them until more hospitable aquatic environments return.

According to the author, the primary difference between tardigrades and traditional extremophiles is that tardigrades —-.

51. – 54. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

First popularized by ecologist Garrett Hardin in 1968, the “Tragedy of the Commons” describes a situation in a shared-resource system where individual users, acting independently according to their own self-interest, behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling that resource through their collective action. The classic example involves a shared pasture where every herdsman seeks to maximize his gain by adding more cattle to his herd. While the benefit of adding one more animal is enjoyed solely by the individual, the resulting overgrazing is shared by everyone. Consequently, the resource is eventually exhausted, leading to total systemic collapse. Hardin’s thesis has been instrumental in shaping environmental policy, providing a theoretical basis for the privatization of land or the implementation of strict governmental regulations. However, Nobel laureate Elinor Ostrom later challenged this bleak outlook, demonstrating through empirical research that local communities can often manage shared resources sustainably through self-organization and mutual monitoring, without the need for external top-down intervention.

According to the passage, the core conflict in the “Tragedy of the Commons” arises from —-.

First popularized by ecologist Garrett Hardin in 1968, the “Tragedy of the Commons” describes a situation in a shared-resource system where individual users, acting independently according to their own self-interest, behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling that resource through their collective action. The classic example involves a shared pasture where every herdsman seeks to maximize his gain by adding more cattle to his herd. While the benefit of adding one more animal is enjoyed solely by the individual, the resulting overgrazing is shared by everyone. Consequently, the resource is eventually exhausted, leading to total systemic collapse. Hardin’s thesis has been instrumental in shaping environmental policy, providing a theoretical basis for the privatization of land or the implementation of strict governmental regulations. However, Nobel laureate Elinor Ostrom later challenged this bleak outlook, demonstrating through empirical research that local communities can often manage shared resources sustainably through self-organization and mutual monitoring, without the need for external top-down intervention.

It can be understood from the passage that Hardin’s theory —-.

First popularized by ecologist Garrett Hardin in 1968, the “Tragedy of the Commons” describes a situation in a shared-resource system where individual users, acting independently according to their own self-interest, behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling that resource through their collective action. The classic example involves a shared pasture where every herdsman seeks to maximize his gain by adding more cattle to his herd. While the benefit of adding one more animal is enjoyed solely by the individual, the resulting overgrazing is shared by everyone. Consequently, the resource is eventually exhausted, leading to total systemic collapse. Hardin’s thesis has been instrumental in shaping environmental policy, providing a theoretical basis for the privatization of land or the implementation of strict governmental regulations. However, Nobel laureate Elinor Ostrom later challenged this bleak outlook, demonstrating through empirical research that local communities can often manage shared resources sustainably through self-organization and mutual monitoring, without the need for external top-down intervention.

The underlined word ‘instrumental’ in the passage is closest in meaning to —-.

First popularized by ecologist Garrett Hardin in 1968, the “Tragedy of the Commons” describes a situation in a shared-resource system where individual users, acting independently according to their own self-interest, behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling that resource through their collective action. The classic example involves a shared pasture where every herdsman seeks to maximize his gain by adding more cattle to his herd. While the benefit of adding one more animal is enjoyed solely by the individual, the resulting overgrazing is shared by everyone. Consequently, the resource is eventually exhausted, leading to total systemic collapse. Hardin’s thesis has been instrumental in shaping environmental policy, providing a theoretical basis for the privatization of land or the implementation of strict governmental regulations. However, Nobel laureate Elinor Ostrom later challenged this bleak outlook, demonstrating through empirical research that local communities can often manage shared resources sustainably through self-organization and mutual monitoring, without the need for external top-down intervention.

How does Elinor Ostrom’s perspective differ from Garrett Hardin’s?

55. – 58. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

In the early 18th century, the Scottish economist John Law orchestrated one of the most infamous financial collapses in history\: the Mississippi Bubble. Law, who had gained the favour of the French regency, believed that a nation’s wealth depended on the circulation of paper money backed by land rather than gold. He established the Mississippi Company, which held a monopoly on trade in France’s Louisiana territory. To reduce France’s massive national debt, Law encouraged citizens to exchange their government bonds for shares in his company. As exaggerated reports of Louisiana’s gold mines spread, share prices skyrocketed, creating a speculative frenzy. However, the bubble burst in 1720 when investors realized that the territory’s actual wealth was negligible compared to the amount of paper money in circulation. As panic ensued, share prices plummeted, and the French economy was left in ruins, leading to Law’s exile and a long-standing public distrust of paper currency and banks.

John Law’s economic theory was based on the idea that —-.

In the early 18th century, the Scottish economist John Law orchestrated one of the most infamous financial collapses in history\: the Mississippi Bubble. Law, who had gained the favour of the French regency, believed that a nation’s wealth depended on the circulation of paper money backed by land rather than gold. He established the Mississippi Company, which held a monopoly on trade in France’s Louisiana territory. To reduce France’s massive national debt, Law encouraged citizens to exchange their government bonds for shares in his company. As exaggerated reports of Louisiana’s gold mines spread, share prices skyrocketed, creating a speculative frenzy. However, the bubble burst in 1720 when investors realized that the territory’s actual wealth was negligible compared to the amount of paper money in circulation. As panic ensued, share prices plummeted, and the French economy was left in ruins, leading to Law’s exile and a long-standing public distrust of paper currency and banks.

What caused the share prices of the Mississippi Company to rise so rapidly?

In the early 18th century, the Scottish economist John Law orchestrated one of the most infamous financial collapses in history\: the Mississippi Bubble. Law, who had gained the favour of the French regency, believed that a nation’s wealth depended on the circulation of paper money backed by land rather than gold. He established the Mississippi Company, which held a monopoly on trade in France’s Louisiana territory. To reduce France’s massive national debt, Law encouraged citizens to exchange their government bonds for shares in his company. As exaggerated reports of Louisiana’s gold mines spread, share prices skyrocketed, creating a speculative frenzy. However, the bubble burst in 1720 when investors realized that the territory’s actual wealth was negligible compared to the amount of paper money in circulation. As panic ensued, share prices plummeted, and the French economy was left in ruins, leading to Law’s exile and a long-standing public distrust of paper currency and banks.

The Mississippi Bubble burst primarily because —-.

In the early 18th century, the Scottish economist John Law orchestrated one of the most infamous financial collapses in history\: the Mississippi Bubble. Law, who had gained the favour of the French regency, believed that a nation’s wealth depended on the circulation of paper money backed by land rather than gold. He established the Mississippi Company, which held a monopoly on trade in France’s Louisiana territory. To reduce France’s massive national debt, Law encouraged citizens to exchange their government bonds for shares in his company. As exaggerated reports of Louisiana’s gold mines spread, share prices skyrocketed, creating a speculative frenzy. However, the bubble burst in 1720 when investors realized that the territory’s actual wealth was negligible compared to the amount of paper money in circulation. As panic ensued, share prices plummeted, and the French economy was left in ruins, leading to Law’s exile and a long-standing public distrust of paper currency and banks.

The word “negligible” in the second paragraph means —-.

59. – 62. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

In 1770, Wolfgang von Kempelen unveiled an invention that took the world by storm\: the “Mechanical Turk.” It appeared to be a life-sized wooden automaton dressed in Ottoman robes, seated behind a large cabinet and capable of playing—and winning—games of chess against human opponents. For nearly 84 years, the Turk traveled the world, defeating famous figures like Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin. Kempelen would always open the cabinet doors to show the audience a complex array of gears and levers, convincing them that the machine was purely mechanical. However, the Turk was perhaps the greatest illusion in history. In reality, a skilled human chess master was concealed within the cabinet, using a system of magnets and levers to control the Turk’s arm. Although a hoax, the Mechanical Turk sparked profound debates about the possibility of artificial intelligence, serving as a mechanical metaphor for the human desire to create machines that can think.

The “Mechanical Turk” was famous for its ability to —-.

In 1770, Wolfgang von Kempelen unveiled an invention that took the world by storm\: the “Mechanical Turk.” It appeared to be a life-sized wooden automaton dressed in Ottoman robes, seated behind a large cabinet and capable of playing—and winning—games of chess against human opponents. For nearly 84 years, the Turk traveled the world, defeating famous figures like Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin. Kempelen would always open the cabinet doors to show the audience a complex array of gears and levers, convincing them that the machine was purely mechanical. However, the Turk was perhaps the greatest illusion in history. In reality, a skilled human chess master was concealed within the cabinet, using a system of magnets and levers to control the Turk’s arm. Although a hoax, the Mechanical Turk sparked profound debates about the possibility of artificial intelligence, serving as a mechanical metaphor for the human desire to create machines that can think.

How did Kempelen convince people that the Turk was a real machine?

In 1770, Wolfgang von Kempelen unveiled an invention that took the world by storm\: the “Mechanical Turk.” It appeared to be a life-sized wooden automaton dressed in Ottoman robes, seated behind a large cabinet and capable of playing—and winning—games of chess against human opponents. For nearly 84 years, the Turk traveled the world, defeating famous figures like Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin. Kempelen would always open the cabinet doors to show the audience a complex array of gears and levers, convincing them that the machine was purely mechanical. However, the Turk was perhaps the greatest illusion in history. In reality, a skilled human chess master was concealed within the cabinet, using a system of magnets and levers to control the Turk’s arm. Although a hoax, the Mechanical Turk sparked profound debates about the possibility of artificial intelligence, serving as a mechanical metaphor for the human desire to create machines that can think.

What was the “secret” behind the Mechanical Turk’s performance?

In 1770, Wolfgang von Kempelen unveiled an invention that took the world by storm\: the “Mechanical Turk.” It appeared to be a life-sized wooden automaton dressed in Ottoman robes, seated behind a large cabinet and capable of playing—and winning—games of chess against human opponents. For nearly 84 years, the Turk traveled the world, defeating famous figures like Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin. Kempelen would always open the cabinet doors to show the audience a complex array of gears and levers, convincing them that the machine was purely mechanical. However, the Turk was perhaps the greatest illusion in history. In reality, a skilled human chess master was concealed within the cabinet, using a system of magnets and levers to control the Turk’s arm. Although a hoax, the Mechanical Turk sparked profound debates about the possibility of artificial intelligence, serving as a mechanical metaphor for the human desire to create machines that can think.

The word “hoax” in the final paragraph is closest in meaning to —-.

63. – 67. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulun.

Student:
– I can’t believe I worked so hard for months only to miss the final because of a bus delay!
Friend:
– It’s an awful situation, but don’t lose hope. There might be a make-up exam for students with valid excuses.
Student:
– —-
Friend:
– Don’t beat yourself up. You have a clean record, and I’m sure the dean will take the transport strike into account.

Janis:
– It’s alarming how much the nocturnal temperatures are rising in cities compared to rural surroundings in the Mediterranean.
Mary:
– It’s a classic feedback loop. The concrete and asphalt absorb heat all day and re-emit it at night.
Janis:
– —-
Mary:
– Exactly. Without those so-called green lungs, the structural materials simply don’t have a chance to dissipate the stored thermal energy before the sun rises again.

]Julian:
– I’m still struggling to grasp the ethical implications of using AI in judicial sentencing. Isn’t the primary goal to eliminate human bias?
Clara:
– That’s the theory. But if the historical data used to train the algorithm is already skewed against certain demographics, the AI just automates and masks that prejudice.
Julian:
– —-
Clara:
– Precisely. We end up with a “black box” where a life-altering decision is made, but we can no longer point to a specific human reasoning process to challenge it.

Elena:
– —-
Marcus:
– I wouldn’t be so quick to dismiss it. While gamification sounds like a buzzword, incorporating competitive elements into the app has boosted our user retention rates by 40 percent.
Elena:
– I don’t deny the metrics, but I worry about the quality of engagement. Are they learning the language, or are they just addicted to winning virtual badges?
Marcus:
– It’s a fair point. We need to find a balance where the mechanics support the educational content rather than distracting from it.

Jack:
– I still can’t believe we lost that match in the final minute. The defense was solid for 89 minutes!
Liam:
– —-
Jack:
– You’re right. One momentary lapse in concentration and all that hard work goes down the drain.
Liam:
– Exactly. That’s the beauty and the cruelty of the sport; it’s never over until the whistle blows.

68. – 71. sorularda, verilen tümceye anlamca en yakın tümceyi bulun.

Although the vast majority of deep-sea species remain undiscovered, the samples already collected suggest a level of biodiversity that could rival that of the tropical rainforests.

The rapid proliferation of digital misinformation has reached such a scale that traditional fact-checking methods are increasingly unable to stem the tide of false narratives.

Had the architects of the European Union anticipated the profound economic disparities between member states, they might have implemented more flexible fiscal policies from the outset.

Exposing young children to a second language not only enhances their cognitive flexibility but also fosters a greater degree of empathy toward diverse cultures.

72. – 75. sorularda, metinde boş bırakılan yere anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek tümceyi bulun.

The concept of “Smart Cities” involves the integration of information and communication technology to enhance the quality and performance of urban services. By using sensors and data analytics, cities can manage everything from traffic flow to waste removal more efficiently. —- However, critics argue that this constant data collection raises significant privacy concerns, as every move a citizen makes could potentially be tracked. Thus, the challenge lies in balancing technological convenience with the fundamental right to anonymity.

In the field of linguistics, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that the structure of a language affects its speakers’ world view or cognition. A famous, though often exaggerated, example is the idea that Inuit people have dozens of words for snow, allowing them to perceive nuances that others miss. —- Modern linguists generally adopt a weaker version of this theory, known as linguistic relativity. This version suggests that language influences thought in subtle ways rather than strictly determining it.

—- In 1928, Alexander Fleming returned to his lab to find that a mold called Penicillium notatum had contaminated one of his Petri dishes. Crucially, the bacteria surrounding the mold had been destroyed. This accidental discovery marked the birth of the antibiotic era, which revolutionized medicine and saved countless lives. It serves as a reminder that in science, being observant of the unexpected is just as important as following a strict protocol.

Economists have long debated the impact of automation on the labor market. While some fear that robots will lead to mass unemployment, others point out that technology has historically created more jobs than it has destroyed. —- For instance, while the advent of the automobile eliminated the need for carriage drivers, it gave rise to mechanics, road builders, and gas station attendants. The key, therefore, is not the quantity of jobs, but the speed at which the workforce can transition to new roles.

76. – 80. sorularda, tümceler verilen sıralamada okunduğunda anlam bütünlüğünü bozan tümceyi bulun.

(I) The concept of biophilia suggests that humans possess an innate tendency to seek connections with nature and other forms of life. (II) This evolutionary hypothesis posits that because our ancestors survived by observing their environment, we are still psychologically programmed to respond to natural stimuli. (III) Many urban planners are now incorporating green spaces and natural light into office designs to boost employee well-being and productivity. (IV) Consequently, several studies have shown that patients in hospital rooms with a view of nature recover significantly faster than those facing a brick wall. (V) However, the high cost of real estate in metropolitan areas often makes the construction of large public parks financially unfeasible for local governments.

(I) In the realm of macroeconomics, quantitative easing is a monetary policy whereby a central bank purchases at-scale government bonds to increase the money supply. (II) The primary goal of this unconventional measure is to lower interest rates and encourage lending and investment during a period of economic stagnation. (III) Central banks must carefully manage their gold reserves to ensure that the national currency remains stable against international fluctuations. (IV) By flooding the financial system with liquidity, the bank hopes to stimulate economic activity and prevent a deflationary spiral. (V) While often effective in the short term, critics argue that prolonged QE can lead to asset bubbles and exacerbate wealth inequality by benefiting those who own stocks and property.

(I) Marine biologists have long been fascinated by the biological pump, the process by which the ocean sequesters carbon from the atmosphere. (II) It begins with tiny organisms called phytoplankton, which absorb CO₂ during photosynthesis in the upper layers of the ocean. (III) When these organisms die, they sink to the deep ocean floor, effectively locking away carbon for hundreds or even thousands of years. (IV) Overfishing has led to a dramatic decline in the populations of large predators like sharks and tuna, disrupting the balance of the food web. (V) Without this natural mechanism, atmospheric CO₂ levels would be significantly higher, accelerating the pace of global warming.

(I) The development of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has revolutionized the field of genetics by allowing scientists to edit DNA with unprecedented precision. (II) This “genetic scissors” method can be used to disable harmful genes or insert beneficial ones, offering potential cures for hereditary diseases. (III) Similar advancements in the 19th century regarding cross-breeding plants laid the foundation for modern agricultural science. (IV) However, the ease and accessibility of this technology have sparked intense ethical debates regarding the possibility of “designer babies.” (V) Consequently, the scientific community is currently grappling with the need for a global regulatory framework to prevent the misuse of human germline editing.

(I) Forensic archaeology is an increasingly vital discipline that applies archaeological methods to criminal investigations and human rights abuses. (II) Unlike traditional archaeologists who focus on ancient civilizations, forensic experts work with modern remains to reconstruct the events of a crime or a massacre. (III) They use specialized excavation techniques to ensure that evidence, such as shell casings or personal effects, is not disturbed during the recovery process. (IV) Ancient burial sites often provide valuable insights into the diet, social hierarchy, and health of populations that lived thousands of years ago. (V) This meticulous approach allows investigators to provide evidence that can be used in international courts to hold perpetrators of war crimes accountable.