1. – 6. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

The archaeological team searched the site —- for any signs of human habitation before the area was flooded by the new dam.

Many environmentalists argue that current consumption patterns will inevitably —- the planet’s natural resources if left unchecked.

The sudden —- of the peace treaty led to an immediate escalation of hostilities in the border region.

The research project was initially delayed, but the team managed to —- the lost time by working extra shifts over the weekend.

The committee decided to —- the meeting until next Friday to ensure that all members could attend the final vote.

In many cultures, water is considered a —- resource that must be protected and shared fairly among all communities.

7. – 16. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

—- the high cost of the equipment, the hospital decided to purchase the new MRI machine to improve diagnostic accuracy.

The volcanic eruption was unexpected; —-, the local authorities had very little time to evacuate the nearby villages.

—- providing entertainment, movies can also serve as powerful tools for social commentary and education.

The new regulation is —- complex —- it requires a team of legal experts to interpret its various clauses correctly.

By the time the sun rises tomorrow, the rescue team —- for twelve hours —- to find the missing hikers.

The laws were adjusted —- provide more protection for intellectual property in the digital age.

Scientists have been debating the relationship —- physical activity and cognitive health —- decades.

Most investors focused —- the potential risks of the new technology —- the initial presentation.

Ancient civilizations —- elaborate irrigation systems that —- agriculture to thrive in arid climates.

Only if we —- more attention to the warning signs last year, we —- this financial crisis today.

17. – 21. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

The industrial use of plastic has grown exponentially since the mid-20th century. (17) —- its durability and low cost, plastic has become the material of choice for everything from packaging to medical devices. However, this convenience comes (18) —- a heavy price. Millions of tons of plastic waste (19) —- in our oceans every year, threatening marine life. (20) —-, many plastics take hundreds of years to decompose. To address this, governments are now (21) —- stricter regulations on single-use plastics.

The industrial use of plastic has grown exponentially since the mid-20th century. (17) —- its durability and low cost, plastic has become the material of choice for everything from packaging to medical devices. However, this convenience comes (18) —- a heavy price. Millions of tons of plastic waste (19) —- in our oceans every year, threatening marine life. (20) —-, many plastics take hundreds of years to decompose. To address this, governments are now (21) —- stricter regulations on single-use plastics.

The industrial use of plastic has grown exponentially since the mid-20th century. (17) —- its durability and low cost, plastic has become the material of choice for everything from packaging to medical devices. However, this convenience comes (18) —- a heavy price. Millions of tons of plastic waste (19) —- in our oceans every year, threatening marine life. (20) —-, many plastics take hundreds of years to decompose. To address this, governments are now (21) —- stricter regulations on single-use plastics.

The industrial use of plastic has grown exponentially since the mid-20th century. (17) —- its durability and low cost, plastic has become the material of choice for everything from packaging to medical devices. However, this convenience comes (18) —- a heavy price. Millions of tons of plastic waste (19) —- in our oceans every year, threatening marine life. (20) —-, many plastics take hundreds of years to decompose. To address this, governments are now (21) —- stricter regulations on single-use plastics.

The industrial use of plastic has grown exponentially since the mid-20th century. (17) —- its durability and low cost, plastic has become the material of choice for everything from packaging to medical devices. However, this convenience comes (18) —- a heavy price. Millions of tons of plastic waste (19) —- in our oceans every year, threatening marine life. (20) —-, many plastics take hundreds of years to decompose. To address this, governments are now (21) —- stricter regulations on single-use plastics.

22. – 26. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

Psychologists have long studied the effects of social media on mental health. (22) —- some studies suggest that these platforms can foster community, others point to a rise in anxiety and depression. The constant (23) —- to idealized versions of other people’s lives can lead to feelings of inadequacy. (24) —-, the “fear of missing out” (FOMO) often compels users to check their devices (25) —-. To mitigate these risks, experts suggest (26) —- boundaries on daily screen time.

Psychologists have long studied the effects of social media on mental health. (22) —- some studies suggest that these platforms can foster community, others point to a rise in anxiety and depression. The constant (23) —- to idealized versions of other people’s lives can lead to feelings of inadequacy. (24) —-, the “fear of missing out” (FOMO) often compels users to check their devices (25) —-. To mitigate these risks, experts suggest (26) —- boundaries on daily screen time.

Psychologists have long studied the effects of social media on mental health. (22) —- some studies suggest that these platforms can foster community, others point to a rise in anxiety and depression. The constant (23) —- to idealized versions of other people’s lives can lead to feelings of inadequacy. (24) —-, the “fear of missing out” (FOMO) often compels users to check their devices (25) —-. To mitigate these risks, experts suggest (26) —- boundaries on daily screen time.

Psychologists have long studied the effects of social media on mental health. (22) —- some studies suggest that these platforms can foster community, others point to a rise in anxiety and depression. The constant (23) —- to idealized versions of other people’s lives can lead to feelings of inadequacy. (24) —-, the “fear of missing out” (FOMO) often compels users to check their devices (25) —-. To mitigate these risks, experts suggest (26) —- boundaries on daily screen time.

Psychologists have long studied the effects of social media on mental health. (22) —- some studies suggest that these platforms can foster community, others point to a rise in anxiety and depression. The constant (23) —- to idealized versions of other people’s lives can lead to feelings of inadequacy. (24) —-, the “fear of missing out” (FOMO) often compels users to check their devices (25) —-. To mitigate these risks, experts suggest (26) —- boundaries on daily screen time.

27-36. sorularda, tümceyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulun.

While some countries are investing heavily in nuclear energy, —-.

—- provided that the weather conditions remain stable.

Since the company failed to adapt to the digital market, —-.

Despite the fact that the patient showed signs of improvement initially, —-.

Hardly had the project manager started his presentation for the new product—-.

The manager insisted that the report be submitted by Friday —-.

Notwithstanding the fact that he had never travelled abroad before, —-.

It is estimated that long before the end of this century, —-.

It is sad but still true that the more we learn about the human brain, —-.

No matter how hard he tried to explain the situation, —-.

37-42. sorularda, verilen İngilizce tümceye anlamca en yakın Türkçe tümceyi, Türkçe tümceye anlamca en yakın İngilizce tümceyi bulun.

The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 revolutionized medicine by providing an effective treatment for bacterial infections.

Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power are essential for reducing global carbon emissions and fighting climate change.

Despite facing numerous challenges, the scientist continued her research until she finally found a cure for the rare disease.

Hükümet, işsizlik oranını düşürmek amacıyla yeni bir ekonomik paket açıkladı.

Eğitim sistemi, öğrencilerin eleştirel düşünme becerilerini geliştirmeyi hedeflemelidir.

Teknoloji geliştikçe, insanların günlük yaşam tarzları da büyük ölçüde değişmektedir.

43-46. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

Colors have a profound influence on human emotions and behavior. For example, red is often associated with energy and urgency, which is why it is frequently used in clearance sales. In contrast, blue is known for its calming effect and is often used in office environments to increase productivity. However, these associations can vary across different cultures. While white represents purity in Western societies, it is often linked to mourning in parts of Asia.

According to the passage, the color red —-.

Colors have a profound influence on human emotions and behavior. For example, red is often associated with energy and urgency, which is why it is frequently used in clearance sales. In contrast, blue is known for its calming effect and is often used in office environments to increase productivity. However, these associations can vary across different cultures. While white represents purity in Western societies, it is often linked to mourning in parts of Asia.

It is stated in the passage that blue —-.

Colors have a profound influence on human emotions and behavior. For example, red is often associated with energy and urgency, which is why it is frequently used in clearance sales. In contrast, blue is known for its calming effect and is often used in office environments to increase productivity. However, these associations can vary across different cultures. While white represents purity in Western societies, it is often linked to mourning in parts of Asia.

It can be inferred from the passage that —-.

Colors have a profound influence on human emotions and behavior. For example, red is often associated with energy and urgency, which is why it is frequently used in clearance sales. In contrast, blue is known for its calming effect and is often used in office environments to increase productivity. However, these associations can vary across different cultures. While white represents purity in Western societies, it is often linked to mourning in parts of Asia.

The word “profound” is closest in meaning to —-.

47-50. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

The invention of the steam engine was the primary catalyst for the Industrial Revolution, fundamentally altering the fabric of human society. Before its development, power was derived almost exclusively from manual labor, animals, or the unpredictable forces of wind and water. James Watt’s improvements to the engine in the late 18th century allowed factories to be located away from rivers, leading to the rapid urbanization of coal-rich regions. This shift not only increased manufacturing capacity but also facilitated the creation of the modern railway system. However, the transition was not without social costs. The rapid growth of industrial cities often resulted in overcrowded housing and poor sanitary conditions for the working class, sparking long-term debates about labor rights and urban planning.

According to the passage, before the steam engine was improved, —-.

The invention of the steam engine was the primary catalyst for the Industrial Revolution, fundamentally altering the fabric of human society. Before its development, power was derived almost exclusively from manual labor, animals, or the unpredictable forces of wind and water. James Watt’s improvements to the engine in the late 18th century allowed factories to be located away from rivers, leading to the rapid urbanization of coal-rich regions. This shift not only increased manufacturing capacity but also facilitated the creation of the modern railway system. However, the transition was not without social costs. The rapid growth of industrial cities often resulted in overcrowded housing and poor sanitary conditions for the working class, sparking long-term debates about labor rights and urban planning.

It is stated in the passage that James Watt’s contribution —-.

The invention of the steam engine was the primary catalyst for the Industrial Revolution, fundamentally altering the fabric of human society. Before its development, power was derived almost exclusively from manual labor, animals, or the unpredictable forces of wind and water. James Watt’s improvements to the engine in the late 18th century allowed factories to be located away from rivers, leading to the rapid urbanization of coal-rich regions. This shift not only increased manufacturing capacity but also facilitated the creation of the modern railway system. However, the transition was not without social costs. The rapid growth of industrial cities often resulted in overcrowded housing and poor sanitary conditions for the working class, sparking long-term debates about labor rights and urban planning.

The author mentions “social costs” in the text to refer to —-.

The invention of the steam engine was the primary catalyst for the Industrial Revolution, fundamentally altering the fabric of human society. Before its development, power was derived almost exclusively from manual labor, animals, or the unpredictable forces of wind and water. James Watt’s improvements to the engine in the late 18th century allowed factories to be located away from rivers, leading to the rapid urbanization of coal-rich regions. This shift not only increased manufacturing capacity but also facilitated the creation of the modern railway system. However, the transition was not without social costs. The rapid growth of industrial cities often resulted in overcrowded housing and poor sanitary conditions for the working class, sparking long-term debates about labor rights and urban planning.

The word “catalyst” is closest in meaning to —-.

51-54. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

In sociology, “social capital” refers to the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. Unlike financial capital, which consists of money, or human capital, which consists of individual skills, social capital is embedded in the ties between individuals. High levels of social capital are associated with increased trust, cooperation, and a sense of shared identity. For instance, in communities where neighbors know and trust one another, crime rates tend to be lower and local problems are solved more efficiently. However, critics argue that social capital can also have a dark side. Exclusive groups may use their internal cohesion to shut out others, potentially leading to social fragmentation or the exclusion of marginalized populations from certain economic opportunities.

According to the passage, social capital is different from financial capital because it —-.

In sociology, “social capital” refers to the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. Unlike financial capital, which consists of money, or human capital, which consists of individual skills, social capital is embedded in the ties between individuals. High levels of social capital are associated with increased trust, cooperation, and a sense of shared identity. For instance, in communities where neighbors know and trust one another, crime rates tend to be lower and local problems are solved more efficiently. However, critics argue that social capital can also have a dark side. Exclusive groups may use their internal cohesion to shut out others, potentially leading to social fragmentation or the exclusion of marginalized populations from certain economic opportunities.

The passage suggests that in a community with high social capital, —-.

In sociology, “social capital” refers to the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. Unlike financial capital, which consists of money, or human capital, which consists of individual skills, social capital is embedded in the ties between individuals. High levels of social capital are associated with increased trust, cooperation, and a sense of shared identity. For instance, in communities where neighbors know and trust one another, crime rates tend to be lower and local problems are solved more efficiently. However, critics argue that social capital can also have a dark side. Exclusive groups may use their internal cohesion to shut out others, potentially leading to social fragmentation or the exclusion of marginalized populations from certain economic opportunities.

What does the author mean by the “dark side” of social capital?

In sociology, “social capital” refers to the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. Unlike financial capital, which consists of money, or human capital, which consists of individual skills, social capital is embedded in the ties between individuals. High levels of social capital are associated with increased trust, cooperation, and a sense of shared identity. For instance, in communities where neighbors know and trust one another, crime rates tend to be lower and local problems are solved more efficiently. However, critics argue that social capital can also have a dark side. Exclusive groups may use their internal cohesion to shut out others, potentially leading to social fragmentation or the exclusion of marginalized populations from certain economic opportunities.

The word “embedded” is closest in meaning to —-.

55-58. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

Developed by David Ricardo in the early 19th century, the theory of comparative advantage is a fundamental principle of international trade. It suggests that countries should specialize in producing goods that they can create at a lower opportunity cost than their trading partners. Crucially, this remains true even if one country is more efficient at producing all goods than another. By focusing on what they do relatively best and trading for everything else, both nations can achieve a higher level of total consumption than they could in isolation. While the theory has been criticized for oversimplifying real-world variables like transportation costs and trade barriers, it remains the primary economic justification for the move toward globalized markets and free trade agreements.

The theory of comparative advantage suggests that a nation should —-.

Developed by David Ricardo in the early 19th century, the theory of comparative advantage is a fundamental principle of international trade. It suggests that countries should specialize in producing goods that they can create at a lower opportunity cost than their trading partners. Crucially, this remains true even if one country is more efficient at producing all goods than another. By focusing on what they do relatively best and trading for everything else, both nations can achieve a higher level of total consumption than they could in isolation. While the theory has been criticized for oversimplifying real-world variables like transportation costs and trade barriers, it remains the primary economic justification for the move toward globalized markets and free trade agreements.

According to the passage, trade is beneficial for two countries even if —-.

Developed by David Ricardo in the early 19th century, the theory of comparative advantage is a fundamental principle of international trade. It suggests that countries should specialize in producing goods that they can create at a lower opportunity cost than their trading partners. Crucially, this remains true even if one country is more efficient at producing all goods than another. By focusing on what they do relatively best and trading for everything else, both nations can achieve a higher level of total consumption than they could in isolation. While the theory has been criticized for oversimplifying real-world variables like transportation costs and trade barriers, it remains the primary economic justification for the move toward globalized markets and free trade agreements.

The passage mentions “transportation costs” to show that —-.

Developed by David Ricardo in the early 19th century, the theory of comparative advantage is a fundamental principle of international trade. It suggests that countries should specialize in producing goods that they can create at a lower opportunity cost than their trading partners. Crucially, this remains true even if one country is more efficient at producing all goods than another. By focusing on what they do relatively best and trading for everything else, both nations can achieve a higher level of total consumption than they could in isolation. While the theory has been criticized for oversimplifying real-world variables like transportation costs and trade barriers, it remains the primary economic justification for the move toward globalized markets and free trade agreements.

The word “justification” is closest in meaning to —-.

59-62. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

As the global population grows and freshwater sources are depleted by climate change, desalination—the process of removing salt from seawater—has emerged as a critical technology. Currently, there are two primary methods\: thermal distillation, which involves boiling water and collecting the steam, and reverse osmosis, which uses high-pressure pumps to force water through a semi-permeable membrane. Despite its potential, desalination is a highly energy-intensive process, often relying on fossil fuels that contribute to carbon emissions. Furthermore, the by-product of the process, a highly concentrated salt solution called brine, can be toxic to marine life if it is not disposed of carefully. To become a truly sustainable solution, the next generation of desalination plants must integrate renewable energy sources and find innovative ways to manage waste.

According to the passage, desalination has become important because —-.

As the global population grows and freshwater sources are depleted by climate change, desalination—the process of removing salt from seawater—has emerged as a critical technology. Currently, there are two primary methods\: thermal distillation, which involves boiling water and collecting the steam, and reverse osmosis, which uses high-pressure pumps to force water through a semi-permeable membrane. Despite its potential, desalination is a highly energy-intensive process, often relying on fossil fuels that contribute to carbon emissions. Furthermore, the by-product of the process, a highly concentrated salt solution called brine, can be toxic to marine life if it is not disposed of carefully. To become a truly sustainable solution, the next generation of desalination plants must integrate renewable energy sources and find innovative ways to manage waste.

It is stated in the passage that reverse osmosis —-.

As the global population grows and freshwater sources are depleted by climate change, desalination—the process of removing salt from seawater—has emerged as a critical technology. Currently, there are two primary methods\: thermal distillation, which involves boiling water and collecting the steam, and reverse osmosis, which uses high-pressure pumps to force water through a semi-permeable membrane. Despite its potential, desalination is a highly energy-intensive process, often relying on fossil fuels that contribute to carbon emissions. Furthermore, the by-product of the process, a highly concentrated salt solution called brine, can be toxic to marine life if it is not disposed of carefully. To become a truly sustainable solution, the next generation of desalination plants must integrate renewable energy sources and find innovative ways to manage waste.

What is cited as a major environmental drawback of desalination?

As the global population grows and freshwater sources are depleted by climate change, desalination—the process of removing salt from seawater—has emerged as a critical technology. Currently, there are two primary methods\: thermal distillation, which involves boiling water and collecting the steam, and reverse osmosis, which uses high-pressure pumps to force water through a semi-permeable membrane. Despite its potential, desalination is a highly energy-intensive process, often relying on fossil fuels that contribute to carbon emissions. Furthermore, the by-product of the process, a highly concentrated salt solution called brine, can be toxic to marine life if it is not disposed of carefully. To become a truly sustainable solution, the next generation of desalination plants must integrate renewable energy sources and find innovative ways to manage waste.

A proper title for the passage would be —-.

63-67. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulun.

Student:
– We are not allowed to borrow this source, is that correct?
Librarian:
– That specific manuscript is only available for viewing in the rare books room.
Student:
– —-
Librarian:
– I’m afraid not. Due to its fragile condition, no digital or physical copies are allowed to be made.

Investor:
– My friend suggests that it is the right time now to invest in government bonds.
Financial Advisor:
– With the market being so volatile right now, I’d suggest diversifying your portfolio into more stable, low-yield bonds.
Investor:
– —-
Financial Advisor:
– That’s a common concern, but remember that during a downturn, preserving your principal capital is more important than chasing high returns.

Professor:
– I’ve noticed that you’ve missed the last three seminars. Is everything alright with your research project?
Student:
– —-
Professor:
– I understand, but those sessions are vital for peer feedback. You should try to balance your independent work with collaborative discussion.
Student:
– You’re right, Professor. I’ll make sure to attend the next one and present my preliminary findings for critique.

Curator:
– We need to decide on the lighting for the new Impressionist exhibit. Too much exposure will damage the pigments over time.
Assistant:
– —-
Curator:
– That’s an excellent idea. It would allow visitors to see the brushwork clearly without compromising the integrity of the canvas.
Assistant:
– Exactly, and we can set the sensors to dim automatically when there are no visitors in the gallery to further protect the art.

HR Manager:
– I’ve received several complaints regarding the new software update. Most employees find the interface very confusing.
IT Director:
– —-
HR Manager:
– That might be a temporary fix, but we really need a long-term solution. Perhaps a series of hands-on workshops would be more effective.
IT Director:
– I agree. A live demonstration will allow them to ask specific questions about the tools they use most frequently.

68-71. sorularda, verilen tümceye anlamca en yakın tümceyi bulun.

It was only after the test results came back that the researchers realized their hypothesis was incorrect.

Despite the initial skepticism of the medical community, the new surgical technique proved to be far more effective than traditional methods.

If the committee had been aware of the potential environmental impact, they would never have approved the construction of the new highway.

It is not so much the cost of the raw materials as the complexity of the manufacturing process that makes this product so expensive.

72-75. sorularda, metinde boş bırakılan yere anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek tümceyi bulun.

The Great Wall of China is one of the most impressive architectural feats in history. Construction began as early as the 7th century BC and continued for hundreds of years. —- These fortifications were originally built to protect the Chinese states against raids from nomadic groups. Today, it stands as a symbol of China’s historical strength.

The concept of “emotional intelligence” (EQ) suggests that the ability to identify and manage one’s own emotions is as important as traditional cognitive intelligence. High EQ allows individuals to navigate social complexities and make personal decisions that achieve positive results. —-. These internal regulatory mechanisms, when developed properly, enable a person to remain calm under pressure and empathize more effectively with others. As a result, many modern corporations now prioritize EQ over IQ when hiring for leadership positions.

Throughout the 19th century, the expansion of the British Empire was facilitated by a massive naval fleet that controlled the world’s major sea lanes. This dominance allowed for the secure transport of raw materials from the colonies to the factories of industrial England. —-. The latter, in particular, provided the essential fuel that powered the steamships and locomotives of the era, ensuring that the wheels of industry never stopped turning. Consequently, Britain was able to maintain its position as the world’s leading economic power for decades.

In the field of architecture, “biophilic design” is an approach that seeks to connect building occupants more closely to nature. By incorporating elements such as natural lighting, ventilation, and indoor greenery, architects aim to create spaces that reduce stress and enhance well-being. —-. This psychological benefit is especially important in dense urban environments, where residents often feel disconnected from the natural world. Studies have shown that employees in such buildings are not only happier but also significantly more productive.

76-80. sorularda, tümceler verilen sıralamada okunduğunda anlam bütünlüğünü bozan tümceyi bulun.

(I) Virtual reality (VR) technology is transforming the way we experience digital content. (II) By wearing a headset, users can enter a fully immersive 3D environment. (III) VR is currently being used in fields as diverse as gaming, medicine, and architecture. (IV) Smartphones that feature VR apps have become much cheaper and more accessible over the last decade. (V) As the technology improves, the line between the physical and digital worlds will continue to blur.

(I) Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice. (II) This extraordinary material is known for being incredibly thin, yet it is significantly stronger than steel. (III) Because it is also an excellent conductor of heat and electricity, researchers are exploring its use in next-generation electronics. (IV) Carbon fiber, by contrast, has been used for decades in the aerospace industry to reduce the weight of aircraft. (V) These unique physical properties could eventually lead to the development of faster computer chips and more efficient solar cells.

(I) The Great Fire of London in 1666 destroyed a large portion of the city, including thousands of homes and the old St. Paul’s Cathedral. (II) In the aftermath of the disaster, the city’s authorities recognized the need for a radical change in urban planning. (III) Sir Christopher Wren was commissioned to redesign many of the ruined churches and public buildings. (IV) Most of the residents who lost their homes were forced to live in temporary camps outside the city walls for several years. (V) This ambitious reconstruction project eventually led to the replacement of narrow wooden streets with wider, brick-built avenues.

(I) The “Placebo Effect” is a fascinating psychological phenomenon where a patient experiences a real improvement in their condition after receiving a “fake” treatment. (II) This improvement is not caused by the treatment itself but by the patient’s expectation that the treatment will work. (III) Doctors often prescribe antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, although they are ineffective against viruses. (IV) In clinical trials, researchers must account for this effect by giving a control group a harmless sugar pill. (V) By comparing the two groups, scientists can determine if a new drug has any actual medicinal value beyond the power of suggestion.

(I) During the 19th century, the concept of “Manifest Destiny” drove the westward expansion of the United States. (II) Many pioneers believed it was their divinely ordained right to spread democracy and capitalism across the entire continent. (III) This rapid movement resulted in the displacement of countless Native American tribes from their ancestral lands. (IV) Gold was discovered in California in 1848, leading to a massive influx of fortune-seekers from all over the world. (V) Despite the immense suffering it caused for indigenous populations, this territorial growth laid the foundation for the country’s modern borders.