1. – 6. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

The manuscript was —- edited before publication, leaving virtually no room for stylistic inconsistency.

The rapid increase in urban migration cannot be solely —- from economic motivations.

The witness gave a detailed —- of the events leading up to the accident.

The committee’s decision was —- by growing public pressure.

Several coastal villages were —- by the devastating tsunami.

After years of negotiations, the country finally gained —- control over its natural resources.

7. – 16. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

—- the evidence is not entirely conclusive, the theory remains widely accepted.

The storm intensified overnight, and —- several flights had to be cancelled.

—- transforming communication, social media has altered the structure of political discourse.

Is it true that bilingual children —- develop cognitive flexibility —- attain linguistic competence at a very early age?

By the end of last summer, the institution —- its new digital archive and additional materials, —- them available for researchers worldwide.

Strict border controls were introduced —- limit the spread of the epidemic.

Anthropologists have examined the cultural differences —- various clans and tribes —- the start of the century.

International attention has increasingly centred —- renewable energy policies —- the last decade.

Soon after the printing press —- widespread use, communication and the spread of knowledge —- fast and giant strides.

An effective peace agreement —- the interests of all parties involved if only the public pressure —- much more effective.

17. – 21. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

Social psychologists have long been fascinated by the “bystander effect,” a phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. This counterintuitive behavior was famously (17) —- following the 1964 murder of Kitty Genovese, where dozens of neighbors reportedly failed to intervene. Research suggests that the presence of others leads to a “diffusion of responsibility,” (18) —- no single person feels the psychological necessity to act. Furthermore, individuals often look to the reactions of those around them to (19) —- the severity of a situation. If everyone else remains calm, an onlooker may conclude that the event is not an emergency, a state known as pluralistic ignorance. Breaking this cycle requires a high degree of social (20) —- and the courage to act against the perceived “norm” of inaction. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing strategies to encourage prosocial behavior, as even a single person’s intervention can (21) —- the “spell” of the crowd and prompt others to help.

Social psychologists have long been fascinated by the “bystander effect,” a phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. This counterintuitive behavior was famously (17) —- following the 1964 murder of Kitty Genovese, where dozens of neighbors reportedly failed to intervene. Research suggests that the presence of others leads to a “diffusion of responsibility,” (18) —- no single person feels the psychological necessity to act. Furthermore, individuals often look to the reactions of those around them to (19) —- the severity of a situation. If everyone else remains calm, an onlooker may conclude that the event is not an emergency, a state known as pluralistic ignorance. Breaking this cycle requires a high degree of social (20) —- and the courage to act against the perceived “norm” of inaction. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing strategies to encourage prosocial behavior, as even a single person’s intervention can (21) —- the “spell” of the crowd and prompt others to help.

Social psychologists have long been fascinated by the “bystander effect,” a phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. This counterintuitive behavior was famously (17) —- following the 1964 murder of Kitty Genovese, where dozens of neighbors reportedly failed to intervene. Research suggests that the presence of others leads to a “diffusion of responsibility,” (18) —- no single person feels the psychological necessity to act. Furthermore, individuals often look to the reactions of those around them to (19) —- the severity of a situation. If everyone else remains calm, an onlooker may conclude that the event is not an emergency, a state known as pluralistic ignorance. Breaking this cycle requires a high degree of social (20) —- and the courage to act against the perceived “norm” of inaction. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing strategies to encourage prosocial behavior, as even a single person’s intervention can (21) —- the “spell” of the crowd and prompt others to help.

Social psychologists have long been fascinated by the “bystander effect,” a phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. This counterintuitive behavior was famously (17) —- following the 1964 murder of Kitty Genovese, where dozens of neighbors reportedly failed to intervene. Research suggests that the presence of others leads to a “diffusion of responsibility,” (18) —- no single person feels the psychological necessity to act. Furthermore, individuals often look to the reactions of those around them to (19) —- the severity of a situation. If everyone else remains calm, an onlooker may conclude that the event is not an emergency, a state known as pluralistic ignorance. Breaking this cycle requires a high degree of social (20) —- and the courage to act against the perceived “norm” of inaction. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing strategies to encourage prosocial behavior, as even a single person’s intervention can (21) —- the “spell” of the crowd and prompt others to help.

Social psychologists have long been fascinated by the “bystander effect,” a phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. This counterintuitive behavior was famously (17) —- following the 1964 murder of Kitty Genovese, where dozens of neighbors reportedly failed to intervene. Research suggests that the presence of others leads to a “diffusion of responsibility,” (18) —- no single person feels the psychological necessity to act. Furthermore, individuals often look to the reactions of those around them to (19) —- the severity of a situation. If everyone else remains calm, an onlooker may conclude that the event is not an emergency, a state known as pluralistic ignorance. Breaking this cycle requires a high degree of social (20) —- and the courage to act against the perceived “norm” of inaction. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing strategies to encourage prosocial behavior, as even a single person’s intervention can (21) —- the “spell” of the crowd and prompt others to help.

22. – 26. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

The concept of the Anthropocene suggests that we have entered a new geological epoch (22) —- by significant human impact on the Earth’s ecosystems. Geologists and environmental scientists argue that since the Industrial Revolution, human activities (23) —- the planet’s atmospheric, biospheric, and hydrologic processes at an unprecedented rate. This shift is not merely a matter of climate change; it also involves the mass extinction of species and the alteration of nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Some critics argue that the term “Anthropocene” is too broad, (24) —- it implies that all humans are equally responsible for these changes, regardless of their industrial output. Proponents, however, maintain that the evidence (25) —- human-induced global change is now undeniable in the stratigraphic record. As we move forward, the challenge for modern society is to transition (26) —- sustainable practices that can mitigate these long-term geological footprints before the damage becomes irreversible.

The concept of the Anthropocene suggests that we have entered a new geological epoch (22) —- by significant human impact on the Earth’s ecosystems. Geologists and environmental scientists argue that since the Industrial Revolution, human activities (23) —- the planet’s atmospheric, biospheric, and hydrologic processes at an unprecedented rate. This shift is not merely a matter of climate change; it also involves the mass extinction of species and the alteration of nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Some critics argue that the term “Anthropocene” is too broad, (24) —- it implies that all humans are equally responsible for these changes, regardless of their industrial output. Proponents, however, maintain that the evidence (25) —- human-induced global change is now undeniable in the stratigraphic record. As we move forward, the challenge for modern society is to transition (26) —- sustainable practices that can mitigate these long-term geological footprints before the damage becomes irreversible.

The concept of the Anthropocene suggests that we have entered a new geological epoch (22) —- by significant human impact on the Earth’s ecosystems. Geologists and environmental scientists argue that since the Industrial Revolution, human activities (23) —- the planet’s atmospheric, biospheric, and hydrologic processes at an unprecedented rate. This shift is not merely a matter of climate change; it also involves the mass extinction of species and the alteration of nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Some critics argue that the term “Anthropocene” is too broad, (24) —- it implies that all humans are equally responsible for these changes, regardless of their industrial output. Proponents, however, maintain that the evidence (25) —- human-induced global change is now undeniable in the stratigraphic record. As we move forward, the challenge for modern society is to transition (26) —- sustainable practices that can mitigate these long-term geological footprints before the damage becomes irreversible.

The concept of the Anthropocene suggests that we have entered a new geological epoch (22) —- by significant human impact on the Earth’s ecosystems. Geologists and environmental scientists argue that since the Industrial Revolution, human activities (23) —- the planet’s atmospheric, biospheric, and hydrologic processes at an unprecedented rate. This shift is not merely a matter of climate change; it also involves the mass extinction of species and the alteration of nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Some critics argue that the term “Anthropocene” is too broad, (24) —- it implies that all humans are equally responsible for these changes, regardless of their industrial output. Proponents, however, maintain that the evidence (25) —- human-induced global change is now undeniable in the stratigraphic record. As we move forward, the challenge for modern society is to transition (26) —- sustainable practices that can mitigate these long-term geological footprints before the damage becomes irreversible.

The concept of the Anthropocene suggests that we have entered a new geological epoch (22) —- by significant human impact on the Earth’s ecosystems. Geologists and environmental scientists argue that since the Industrial Revolution, human activities (23) —- the planet’s atmospheric, biospheric, and hydrologic processes at an unprecedented rate. This shift is not merely a matter of climate change; it also involves the mass extinction of species and the alteration of nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Some critics argue that the term “Anthropocene” is too broad, (24) —- it implies that all humans are equally responsible for these changes, regardless of their industrial output. Proponents, however, maintain that the evidence (25) —- human-induced global change is now undeniable in the stratigraphic record. As we move forward, the challenge for modern society is to transition (26) —- sustainable practices that can mitigate these long-term geological footprints before the damage becomes irreversible.

27. – 36. sorularda, tümceyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulun.

While the digital revolution has undeniably democratized access to information across the globe, —-.

Although some economists argue that universal basic income could eliminate absolute poverty, —-.

Just as the printing press revolutionized the dissemination of knowledge in the 15th century, —-.

Considering the alarming rate at which biodiversity is being lost due to human activity, —-.

—-, the brain actually remains highly active during sleep, processing memories and regulating bodily functions.

Hard as it may be to believe that a tiny virus could bring the global economy to a standstill, —-.

Unlike traditional fossil fuels, which release vast amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, —-.

—- that many ancient civilizations possessed astronomical knowledge far more advanced than previously thought.

Unless international authorities take immediate and decisive action to regulate artificial intelligence, —-.

Faced with a shrinking workforce and an aging population, —-.

37. – 42. sorularda, verilen İngilizce tümceye anlamca en yakın Türkçe tümceyi, Türkçe tümceye anlamca en yakın İngilizce tümceyi bulun.

While the effects of climate change are felt globally, developing nations often bear the brunt of environmental disasters due to limited resources.

Genetic engineering has provided scientists with the ability to modify the DNA of organisms to enhance desirable traits or eliminate diseases.

Psychology was recognized as a distinct scientific discipline in the late 19th century when the first experimental laboratory was established.

19. yüzyılda sanayileşmenin hız kazanmasıyla birlikte, şehirler iş arayan kırsal nüfus için birer cazibe merkezi haline gelmiştir.

Modern tıptaki olağanüstü gelişmelere rağmen, antibiyotik direnci günümüzde küresel sağlık için ciddi bir tehdit oluşturmaya devam etmektedir.

Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından yayımlanan rapor, iklim değişikliğiyle mücadele etmek için fosil yakıt tüketiminin acilen azaltılması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır.

43. – 46. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

The Great Library of Alexandria, founded in the 3rd century BC, stands as the most iconic symbol of knowledge and intellectual endeavor in the ancient world. Established under the patronage of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, the library aimed to house the “entirety of human knowledge” by collecting scrolls from across the Mediterranean and beyond. Legend suggests that the library’s acquisition methods were aggressive; any ship docking in Alexandria was searched for books, which were then confiscated, copied, and sometimes never returned to their original owners. Despite its prestige, the library’s ultimate fate remains a subject of intense historical debate. While popular myth often attributes its total destruction to a single catastrophic fire during Julius Caesar’s siege in 48 BC, most modern scholars believe the institution suffered a protracted decline. This erosion was likely caused by a combination of diminishing royal subsidies, civil unrest, and a series of earthquakes and conquests over several centuries. Thus, rather than a sudden blaze, it was a gradual loss of institutional support that silenced the greatest scholarly hub of antiquity.

According to the passage, the primary objective of the Ptolemaic dynasty in establishing the Library of Alexandria was —-.

The Great Library of Alexandria, founded in the 3rd century BC, stands as the most iconic symbol of knowledge and intellectual endeavor in the ancient world. Established under the patronage of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, the library aimed to house the “entirety of human knowledge” by collecting scrolls from across the Mediterranean and beyond. Legend suggests that the library’s acquisition methods were aggressive; any ship docking in Alexandria was searched for books, which were then confiscated, copied, and sometimes never returned to their original owners. Despite its prestige, the library’s ultimate fate remains a subject of intense historical debate. While popular myth often attributes its total destruction to a single catastrophic fire during Julius Caesar’s siege in 48 BC, most modern scholars believe the institution suffered a protracted decline. This erosion was likely caused by a combination of diminishing royal subsidies, civil unrest, and a series of earthquakes and conquests over several centuries. Thus, rather than a sudden blaze, it was a gradual loss of institutional support that silenced the greatest scholarly hub of antiquity.

It can be inferred from the passage that the methods used by the library to obtain new materials —-.

The Great Library of Alexandria, founded in the 3rd century BC, stands as the most iconic symbol of knowledge and intellectual endeavor in the ancient world. Established under the patronage of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, the library aimed to house the “entirety of human knowledge” by collecting scrolls from across the Mediterranean and beyond. Legend suggests that the library’s acquisition methods were aggressive; any ship docking in Alexandria was searched for books, which were then confiscated, copied, and sometimes never returned to their original owners. Despite its prestige, the library’s ultimate fate remains a subject of intense historical debate. While popular myth often attributes its total destruction to a single catastrophic fire during Julius Caesar’s siege in 48 BC, most modern scholars believe the institution suffered a protracted decline. This erosion was likely caused by a combination of diminishing royal subsidies, civil unrest, and a series of earthquakes and conquests over several centuries. Thus, rather than a sudden blaze, it was a gradual loss of institutional support that silenced the greatest scholarly hub of antiquity.

As pointed out in the passage, contrary to popular belief, the disappearance of the library —-.

The Great Library of Alexandria, founded in the 3rd century BC, stands as the most iconic symbol of knowledge and intellectual endeavor in the ancient world. Established under the patronage of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, the library aimed to house the “entirety of human knowledge” by collecting scrolls from across the Mediterranean and beyond. Legend suggests that the library’s acquisition methods were aggressive; any ship docking in Alexandria was searched for books, which were then confiscated, copied, and sometimes never returned to their original owners. Despite its prestige, the library’s ultimate fate remains a subject of intense historical debate. While popular myth often attributes its total destruction to a single catastrophic fire during Julius Caesar’s siege in 48 BC, most modern scholars believe the institution suffered a protracted decline. This erosion was likely caused by a combination of diminishing royal subsidies, civil unrest, and a series of earthquakes and conquests over several centuries. Thus, rather than a sudden blaze, it was a gradual loss of institutional support that silenced the greatest scholarly hub of antiquity.

The word “protracted” in the passage is closest in meaning to —-.

47. – 50. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

The placebo effect is a remarkable phenomenon where a patient experiences a real improvement in their condition after receiving a “dummy” treatment, such as a sugar pill or a saline injection, which has no therapeutic value. For decades, this effect was dismissed by the medical community as a mere statistical anomaly or a sign of a patient’s gullibility. However, recent neuroscientific research has revealed that the placebo effect is a complex biochemical reaction in the brain. When a patient expects a treatment to work, their brain often releases endogenous opioids and dopamine—natural pain-relieving and mood-enhancing chemicals. This suggests that the mind can, under certain circumstances, trigger the body’s own healing mechanisms. Nevertheless, the ethical implications of using placebos in clinical practice remain contentious. While some practitioners argue that placebos can be a powerful tool for managing chronic pain without the side effects of synthetic drugs, others maintain that deceiving a patient about the nature of their treatment undermines the fundamental principle of informed consent. Consequently, the use of placebos is currently restricted primarily to controlled clinical trials, where they serve as a baseline to measure the true efficacy of new medications.

According to the passage, the medical community’s historical view of the placebo effect was that —-.

The placebo effect is a remarkable phenomenon where a patient experiences a real improvement in their condition after receiving a “dummy” treatment, such as a sugar pill or a saline injection, which has no therapeutic value. For decades, this effect was dismissed by the medical community as a mere statistical anomaly or a sign of a patient’s gullibility. However, recent neuroscientific research has revealed that the placebo effect is a complex biochemical reaction in the brain. When a patient expects a treatment to work, their brain often releases endogenous opioids and dopamine—natural pain-relieving and mood-enhancing chemicals. This suggests that the mind can, under certain circumstances, trigger the body’s own healing mechanisms. Nevertheless, the ethical implications of using placebos in clinical practice remain contentious. While some practitioners argue that placebos can be a powerful tool for managing chronic pain without the side effects of synthetic drugs, others maintain that deceiving a patient about the nature of their treatment undermines the fundamental principle of informed consent. Consequently, the use of placebos is currently restricted primarily to controlled clinical trials, where they serve as a baseline to measure the true efficacy of new medications.

As stated in the passage, modern neuroscientific studies have demonstrated that the placebo effect —-.

The placebo effect is a remarkable phenomenon where a patient experiences a real improvement in their condition after receiving a “dummy” treatment, such as a sugar pill or a saline injection, which has no therapeutic value. For decades, this effect was dismissed by the medical community as a mere statistical anomaly or a sign of a patient’s gullibility. However, recent neuroscientific research has revealed that the placebo effect is a complex biochemical reaction in the brain. When a patient expects a treatment to work, their brain often releases endogenous opioids and dopamine—natural pain-relieving and mood-enhancing chemicals. This suggests that the mind can, under certain circumstances, trigger the body’s own healing mechanisms. Nevertheless, the ethical implications of using placebos in clinical practice remain contentious. While some practitioners argue that placebos can be a powerful tool for managing chronic pain without the side effects of synthetic drugs, others maintain that deceiving a patient about the nature of their treatment undermines the fundamental principle of informed consent. Consequently, the use of placebos is currently restricted primarily to controlled clinical trials, where they serve as a baseline to measure the true efficacy of new medications.

It is clear from the passage that the main ethical concern regarding the use of placebos in general practice is —-.

The placebo effect is a remarkable phenomenon where a patient experiences a real improvement in their condition after receiving a “dummy” treatment, such as a sugar pill or a saline injection, which has no therapeutic value. For decades, this effect was dismissed by the medical community as a mere statistical anomaly or a sign of a patient’s gullibility. However, recent neuroscientific research has revealed that the placebo effect is a complex biochemical reaction in the brain. When a patient expects a treatment to work, their brain often releases endogenous opioids and dopamine—natural pain-relieving and mood-enhancing chemicals. This suggests that the mind can, under certain circumstances, trigger the body’s own healing mechanisms. Nevertheless, the ethical implications of using placebos in clinical practice remain contentious. While some practitioners argue that placebos can be a powerful tool for managing chronic pain without the side effects of synthetic drugs, others maintain that deceiving a patient about the nature of their treatment undermines the fundamental principle of informed consent. Consequently, the use of placebos is currently restricted primarily to controlled clinical trials, where they serve as a baseline to measure the true efficacy of new medications.

The word “contentious” in the passage is closest in meaning to —-.

51. – 54. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

The birth of photography in the early 19th century was not the result of a single discovery but rather the culmination of centuries of optical and chemical experimentation. While the camera obscura had been used for ages to project images onto surfaces, these images remained ephemeral until the 1820s, when Joseph Nicéphore Niépce succeeded in fixing a permanent image using a bitumen-coated plate. However, it was Louis Daguerre’s “daguerreotype” process, unveiled in 1839, that truly sparked a global sensation. Despite its popularity, the daguerreotype was a cumbersome and expensive medium; each image was a unique, fragile copper plate that could not be replicated. This limitation was eventually overcome by William Henry Fox Talbot’s “calotype” process, which introduced the concept of the negative. By allowing multiple prints to be made from a single master image, Talbot laid the foundation for modern photography as a mass medium. Although the daguerreotype initially produced sharper details, the versatility of the negative-positive system ensured that photography would evolve from an elite curiosity into an indispensable tool for documentation, journalism, and art.

According to the passage, the invention of photography should be viewed as —-.

The birth of photography in the early 19th century was not the result of a single discovery but rather the culmination of centuries of optical and chemical experimentation. While the camera obscura had been used for ages to project images onto surfaces, these images remained ephemeral until the 1820s, when Joseph Nicéphore Niépce succeeded in fixing a permanent image using a bitumen-coated plate. However, it was Louis Daguerre’s “daguerreotype” process, unveiled in 1839, that truly sparked a global sensation. Despite its popularity, the daguerreotype was a cumbersome and expensive medium; each image was a unique, fragile copper plate that could not be replicated. This limitation was eventually overcome by William Henry Fox Talbot’s “calotype” process, which introduced the concept of the negative. By allowing multiple prints to be made from a single master image, Talbot laid the foundation for modern photography as a mass medium. Although the daguerreotype initially produced sharper details, the versatility of the negative-positive system ensured that photography would evolve from an elite curiosity into an indispensable tool for documentation, journalism, and art.

It is clear from the passage that the main drawback of the daguerreotype process was that —-.

The birth of photography in the early 19th century was not the result of a single discovery but rather the culmination of centuries of optical and chemical experimentation. While the camera obscura had been used for ages to project images onto surfaces, these images remained ephemeral until the 1820s, when Joseph Nicéphore Niépce succeeded in fixing a permanent image using a bitumen-coated plate. However, it was Louis Daguerre’s “daguerreotype” process, unveiled in 1839, that truly sparked a global sensation. Despite its popularity, the daguerreotype was a cumbersome and expensive medium; each image was a unique, fragile copper plate that could not be replicated. This limitation was eventually overcome by William Henry Fox Talbot’s “calotype” process, which introduced the concept of the negative. By allowing multiple prints to be made from a single master image, Talbot laid the foundation for modern photography as a mass medium. Although the daguerreotype initially produced sharper details, the versatility of the negative-positive system ensured that photography would evolve from an elite curiosity into an indispensable tool for documentation, journalism, and art.

As pointed out in the passage, William Henry Fox Talbot’s contribution was significant because it —-.

The birth of photography in the early 19th century was not the result of a single discovery but rather the culmination of centuries of optical and chemical experimentation. While the camera obscura had been used for ages to project images onto surfaces, these images remained ephemeral until the 1820s, when Joseph Nicéphore Niépce succeeded in fixing a permanent image using a bitumen-coated plate. However, it was Louis Daguerre’s “daguerreotype” process, unveiled in 1839, that truly sparked a global sensation. Despite its popularity, the daguerreotype was a cumbersome and expensive medium; each image was a unique, fragile copper plate that could not be replicated. This limitation was eventually overcome by William Henry Fox Talbot’s “calotype” process, which introduced the concept of the negative. By allowing multiple prints to be made from a single master image, Talbot laid the foundation for modern photography as a mass medium. Although the daguerreotype initially produced sharper details, the versatility of the negative-positive system ensured that photography would evolve from an elite curiosity into an indispensable tool for documentation, journalism, and art.

The word “ephemeral” in the passage is closest in meaning to —-.

55. – 58. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

Cognitive dissonance is a psychological theory developed by Leon Festinger in the 1950s, which describes the mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, values, or ideas. This state of tension typically arises when an individual’s behavior conflicts with their existing self-image or deeply held convictions. To alleviate this discomfort, people are often driven to adjust their thinking to justify their actions, rather than changing the problematic behavior itself. For example, a smoker who is well aware of the health risks associated with tobacco may rationalize their habit by convincing themselves that the stress-relieving benefits outweigh the long-term dangers. This process of self-justification is not a sign of irrationality; rather, it is a fundamental human drive to maintain internal consistency. However, chronic reliance on such rationalizations can lead to a “confirmation bias,” where an individual ignores objective evidence that contradicts their chosen narrative. Understanding cognitive dissonance is essential for professionals in marketing, politics, and education, as it explains why humans are so resistant to changing their minds even when presented with undeniable facts.

According to the passage, cognitive dissonance occurs when an individual —-.

Cognitive dissonance is a psychological theory developed by Leon Festinger in the 1950s, which describes the mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, values, or ideas. This state of tension typically arises when an individual’s behavior conflicts with their existing self-image or deeply held convictions. To alleviate this discomfort, people are often driven to adjust their thinking to justify their actions, rather than changing the problematic behavior itself. For example, a smoker who is well aware of the health risks associated with tobacco may rationalize their habit by convincing themselves that the stress-relieving benefits outweigh the long-term dangers. This process of self-justification is not a sign of irrationality; rather, it is a fundamental human drive to maintain internal consistency. However, chronic reliance on such rationalizations can lead to a “confirmation bias,” where an individual ignores objective evidence that contradicts their chosen narrative. Understanding cognitive dissonance is essential for professionals in marketing, politics, and education, as it explains why humans are so resistant to changing their minds even when presented with undeniable facts.

It can be inferred from the example of the smoker in the passage that —-.

Cognitive dissonance is a psychological theory developed by Leon Festinger in the 1950s, which describes the mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, values, or ideas. This state of tension typically arises when an individual’s behavior conflicts with their existing self-image or deeply held convictions. To alleviate this discomfort, people are often driven to adjust their thinking to justify their actions, rather than changing the problematic behavior itself. For example, a smoker who is well aware of the health risks associated with tobacco may rationalize their habit by convincing themselves that the stress-relieving benefits outweigh the long-term dangers. This process of self-justification is not a sign of irrationality; rather, it is a fundamental human drive to maintain internal consistency. However, chronic reliance on such rationalizations can lead to a “confirmation bias,” where an individual ignores objective evidence that contradicts their chosen narrative. Understanding cognitive dissonance is essential for professionals in marketing, politics, and education, as it explains why humans are so resistant to changing their minds even when presented with undeniable facts.

As pointed out in the passage, a long-term consequence of constantly justifying one’s own contradictions is —-.

Cognitive dissonance is a psychological theory developed by Leon Festinger in the 1950s, which describes the mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, values, or ideas. This state of tension typically arises when an individual’s behavior conflicts with their existing self-image or deeply held convictions. To alleviate this discomfort, people are often driven to adjust their thinking to justify their actions, rather than changing the problematic behavior itself. For example, a smoker who is well aware of the health risks associated with tobacco may rationalize their habit by convincing themselves that the stress-relieving benefits outweigh the long-term dangers. This process of self-justification is not a sign of irrationality; rather, it is a fundamental human drive to maintain internal consistency. However, chronic reliance on such rationalizations can lead to a “confirmation bias,” where an individual ignores objective evidence that contradicts their chosen narrative. Understanding cognitive dissonance is essential for professionals in marketing, politics, and education, as it explains why humans are so resistant to changing their minds even when presented with undeniable facts.

The word “alleviate” in the passage is closest in meaning to —-.

59. – 62. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

The 19th-century “Garden City” movement, pioneered by Ebenezer Howard, was a visionary response to the squalor and overcrowding of industrial London. Howard’s concept sought to combine the economic opportunities of the city with the health benefits of the countryside. He proposed the creation of self-contained communities surrounded by “greenbelts,” which would contain proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Unlike the chaotic, unplanned expansion typical of the era, the Garden City was to be a model of meticulous zoning and public ownership of land. While only a few true Garden Cities were ever built—most notably Letchworth and Welwyn in England—the movement’s influence on modern urban planning is profound. It introduced the idea that a city’s layout should prioritize the well-being of its inhabitants through accessible green spaces and the separation of residential and industrial zones. Today, as urban planners grapple with the challenges of overpopulation and climate change, the core principles of the Garden City movement are being revisited to create “eco-cities” that harmonize human habitation with the natural environment.

According to the passage, Ebenezer Howard’s primary motivation for the Garden City movement was —-.

The 19th-century “Garden City” movement, pioneered by Ebenezer Howard, was a visionary response to the squalor and overcrowding of industrial London. Howard’s concept sought to combine the economic opportunities of the city with the health benefits of the countryside. He proposed the creation of self-contained communities surrounded by “greenbelts,” which would contain proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Unlike the chaotic, unplanned expansion typical of the era, the Garden City was to be a model of meticulous zoning and public ownership of land. While only a few true Garden Cities were ever built—most notably Letchworth and Welwyn in England—the movement’s influence on modern urban planning is profound. It introduced the idea that a city’s layout should prioritize the well-being of its inhabitants through accessible green spaces and the separation of residential and industrial zones. Today, as urban planners grapple with the challenges of overpopulation and climate change, the core principles of the Garden City movement are being revisited to create “eco-cities” that harmonize human habitation with the natural environment.

It is clear from the passage that a “Garden City” was characterized by —-.

The 19th-century “Garden City” movement, pioneered by Ebenezer Howard, was a visionary response to the squalor and overcrowding of industrial London. Howard’s concept sought to combine the economic opportunities of the city with the health benefits of the countryside. He proposed the creation of self-contained communities surrounded by “greenbelts,” which would contain proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Unlike the chaotic, unplanned expansion typical of the era, the Garden City was to be a model of meticulous zoning and public ownership of land. While only a few true Garden Cities were ever built—most notably Letchworth and Welwyn in England—the movement’s influence on modern urban planning is profound. It introduced the idea that a city’s layout should prioritize the well-being of its inhabitants through accessible green spaces and the separation of residential and industrial zones. Today, as urban planners grapple with the challenges of overpopulation and climate change, the core principles of the Garden City movement are being revisited to create “eco-cities” that harmonize human habitation with the natural environment.

It is stated in the passage that the legacy of the Garden City movement —-.

The 19th-century “Garden City” movement, pioneered by Ebenezer Howard, was a visionary response to the squalor and overcrowding of industrial London. Howard’s concept sought to combine the economic opportunities of the city with the health benefits of the countryside. He proposed the creation of self-contained communities surrounded by “greenbelts,” which would contain proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Unlike the chaotic, unplanned expansion typical of the era, the Garden City was to be a model of meticulous zoning and public ownership of land. While only a few true Garden Cities were ever built—most notably Letchworth and Welwyn in England—the movement’s influence on modern urban planning is profound. It introduced the idea that a city’s layout should prioritize the well-being of its inhabitants through accessible green spaces and the separation of residential and industrial zones. Today, as urban planners grapple with the challenges of overpopulation and climate change, the core principles of the Garden City movement are being revisited to create “eco-cities” that harmonize human habitation with the natural environment.

The word “meticulous” in the passage is closest in meaning to —-.

63. – 67. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulun.

Sarah:
– —-
James:
– You’re right. If I don’t get the core figures down tonight, I’ll be completely lost when they start asking for specifics tomorrow.
Sarah:
– Exactly, and once the financial foundation is solid, you can easily speak to the creative side of the campaign without needing slides.

Tourist:
– Excuse me, I’ve been looking for the entrance to the Old City for twenty minutes, but I keep ending up back at this square.
Guide:
– —-
Tourist:
– That explains it! I was following the map exactly, but I didn’t realize that the main gate was currently inaccessible.
Guide:
– It’s a common mistake lately; just follow the yellow signs toward the North Tower and you’ll find the temporary entrance.

Interviewer:
– Your resume is quite impressive, but I notice a two-year gap between your last two positions. Could you elaborate on that?
Applicant:
– —-
Interviewer:
– That’s a very constructive way to use a hiatus. It shows a level of initiative that we value highly in this firm.
Applicant:
– Thank you. I felt that gaining those technical skills would make me a much more versatile asset in a fast-evolving market like this one.

Patient:
– I’ve been feeling quite fatigued lately, even though I’m getting a full eight hours of sleep every night.
Doctor:
– —-
Patient:
– Now that you mention it, I have been under a lot of pressure at work, and I find it very difficult to switch off in the evenings.
Doctor:
– That suggests your fatigue might be stress-induced rather than physiological, so we should look into some relaxation techniques.

Kevin:
– I’m thinking about switching my major to Philosophy, but my parents are worried about my future career prospects.
Academic Advisor:
– Many employers actually value the critical thinking and communication skills that a Philosophy degree provides.
Kevin:
– That’s a good point. I suppose the ability to analyze complex information and argue a point clearly is useful in almost any profession.
Academic Advisor:
– —-

68. – 71. sorularda, verilen tümceye anlamca en yakın tümceyi bulun.

Although the evidence for the benefits of a Mediterranean diet is compelling, many people find it difficult to sustain such eating habits over the long term.

Given the complexity of the climate system, it is difficult for scientists to predict exactly how much global temperatures will rise in the next century.

Unlike his previous novels, which were set in rural England, the author’s latest work takes place in the bustling streets of modern-day Tokyo.

If the government had acted more quickly to regulate the financial sector, the impact of the economic recession might have been less severe.

72. – 75. sorularda, metinde boş bırakılan yere anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek tümceyi bulun.

The term “urban heat island” refers to the fact that cities are significantly warmer than the surrounding rural areas. This temperature difference is primarily due to the widespread use of heat-absorbing materials like asphalt and concrete, as well as a lack of vegetation to provide shade and cooling through evaporation. —- These anthropogenic heat sources, combined with the “canyon effect” of tall buildings trapping warm air at street level, create a microclimate that can be several degrees hotter than the countryside. As a result, urban centers often face increased energy demands for air conditioning and a higher risk of heat-related health issues during the summer months.

The deep-sea hydrothermal vent is one of the most extreme environments on Earth, characterized by high pressure and toxic chemicals. Unlike most ecosystems that rely on photosynthesis, these vents support life through a process called chemosynthesis. In this biological conversion, specialized bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulphide to create energy. —- Then, the base of a unique food web is formed by these microorganisms, providing sustenance for giant tube worms and ghost crabs that cannot survive elsewhere. Without this primary production, the dark depths of the ocean would be almost entirely devoid of complex life.

Languages are not static entities; they evolve constantly to reflect the changing needs and technologies of their speakers. This evolution is most visible in the lexicon, where new words are coined and old ones fall into disuse. —- In the latter case, often referred to as archaisms, words may remain in literature or legal documents but are no longer part of the daily vernacular. Over centuries, these subtle shifts in vocabulary can lead to the emergence of entirely new dialects or even separate languages.

In psychology, the “primacy effect” refers to the tendency of individuals to remember the first items in a list better than those in the middle. This occurs because the initial information is more likely to be transferred from short-term to long-term memory. —- This cognitive bias suggests that our first impressions are disproportionately influential in how we process subsequent data. Consequently, the order in which information is presented can significantly alter an audience’s perception of a subject.

76. – 80. sorularda, tümceler verilen sıralamada okunduğunda anlam bütünlüğünü bozan tümceyi bulun.

(I) Most planetary scientists now agree that Mars once possessed a much thicker atmosphere and liquid water on its surface. (II) Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and is often referred to as the “Red Planet” due to iron oxide on its surface. (III) Evidence for this wetter past comes from satellite images showing ancient river valleys and lake beds. (IV) Furthermore, chemical analysis of the soil by various rovers has revealed minerals that only form in the presence of water. (V) These geological findings suggest that the planet may have been hospitable to life billions of years ago.

(I) Chronic sleep deprivation has been linked to a variety of serious health issues, including obesity and cardiovascular disease. (II) Many people find that drinking a warm glass of milk before bed helps them fall asleep more quickly. (III) This is partly because lack of rest disrupts the hormones that regulate appetite and glucose metabolism. (IV) In addition, it puts a significant strain on the heart by maintaining high levels of stress hormones like cortisol. (V) Over time, these physiological imbalances can lead to a shortened life expectancy.

(I) The Great Depression of the 1930s was the most severe economic downturn in the history of the industrialized Western world. (II) It began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. (III) Over the next several years, consumer spending and investment dropped, causing steep declines in industrial output. (IV) During financial troubles, Americans were accustomed to seeing many women enter the workforce for the first time to support the economic effort. (V) By 1933, when the Depression reached its lowest point, some 15 million Americans were unemployed and nearly half the country’s banks had failed.

(I) Biometrics refers to the technical term for body measurements and calculations related to human characteristics. (II) In computer science, this technology is used as a form of identification and access control. (III) It is considered a more secure alternative to traditional passwords because biological traits are much harder to forge. (IV) Common examples of these unique identifiers include fingerprints, retina patterns, and facial structures. (V) Despite these advantages, many users still prefer to use simple, easy-to-remember passwords for their personal emails.

(I) The first skyscrapers were built in Chicago in the 1880s following the Great Fire that destroyed much of the city’s wooden architecture. (II) Modern urban planners are increasingly turning to sustainable materials like “mass timber” to reduce the carbon footprint of new buildings. (III) These early tall structures were made possible by the development of the steel-frame skeleton. (IV) This innovation allowed the weight of the building to be supported by internal columns rather than thick masonry walls. (V) Consequently, architects could design buildings with much larger windows and more usable interior space.