1. – 6. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

The furious group of —– in front of the ministry began to pelt stones at the police.

Many inventions are the products of —– individuals who want to do research to come up with something unusual.

We don’t know —–, but the delay of train departures probably results from power failures.

Bob’s essay on efficient farming methods got a poor mark because he failed to —– the main theme well.

Sue and her boyfriend have been having quarrels for some time and their friends are afraid that they may —– .

A good student often listens to his instructors carefully and —– notes to review the subjects later.

7. – 16. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

Our company has had to fire —– one hundred workers ever since the financial trouble started in October.

—– poverty and lack of proper training, Kenyan athletes are usually very successful —– their determination.

The queue in front of the cinema was very long, —– meant that there was a good film on.

Unfortunately, —– the firefighters —– the vet from the zoo could take the kitten out of the hole it was stuck.

The disposal of nuclear wastes still remains —– one of the greatest problems —– their worldwide acceptance.

The cobra, which is —– the most poisonous snakes on earth, can kill humans within minutes after it injects its poison —– the bloodstream.

Do not lean —– the wall because it doesn’t look very safe —– me.

Climatologists indicate that the global climate has become much hotter —– the last 50 years and this trend will continue unless measures —– global warming are taken.

The number of break-ins in our neighbourhood —– ever since the number of police patrols —–.

The machinery on the assembly line —– once more in case they —– an unexpected failure.

17. – 21. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis (17) —– the story of a young man named Gregor who finds himself transformed into an insect one morning. (18) —–, his metamorphosis has a metaphorical meaning. Actually, his life before the metamorphosis was just (19) —– that of an insect. His routine activities consisted of activities (20) —– going to work and doing the chores at home. His only aim is to work (21) —– to please his father who is an inconsiderate and unemotional man.

Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis (17) —– the story of a young man named Gregor who finds himself transformed into an insect one morning. (18) —–, his metamorphosis has a metaphorical meaning. Actually, his life before the metamorphosis was just (19) —– that of an insect. His routine activities consisted of activities (20) —– going to work and doing the chores at home. His only aim is to work (21) —– to please his father who is an inconsiderate and unemotional man.

Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis (17) —– the story of a young man named Gregor who finds himself transformed into an insect one morning. (18) —–, his metamorphosis has a metaphorical meaning. Actually, his life before the metamorphosis was just (19) —– that of an insect. His routine activities consisted of activities (20) —– going to work and doing the chores at home. His only aim is to work (21) —– to please his father who is an inconsiderate and unemotional man.

Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis (17) —– the story of a young man named Gregor who finds himself transformed into an insect one morning. (18) —–, his metamorphosis has a metaphorical meaning. Actually, his life before the metamorphosis was just (19) —– that of an insect. His routine activities consisted of activities (20) —– going to work and doing the chores at home. His only aim is to work (21) —– to please his father who is an inconsiderate and unemotional man.

Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis (17) —– the story of a young man named Gregor who finds himself transformed into an insect one morning. (18) —–, his metamorphosis has a metaphorical meaning. Actually, his life before the metamorphosis was just (19) —– that of an insect. His routine activities consisted of activities (20) —– going to work and doing the chores at home. His only aim is to work (21) —– to please his father who is an inconsiderate and unemotional man.

22. – 26. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

Space scientists (22) —– since last January on a robot which will carry out the jobs astronauts do outside their space shuttles. It will be used (23) —– doing risky jobs that may threaten astronauts’ lives. These tasks include the (24) —– and removal of space bases. They are quite difficult and time-consuming for astronauts. (25) —–, there is a high risk of accidents and getting injured. (26) —– the robot is in use, it will be much easier to work on space bases.

Space scientists (22) —– since last January on a robot which will carry out the jobs astronauts do outside their space shuttles. It will be used (23) —– doing risky jobs that may threaten astronauts’ lives. These tasks include the (24) —– and removal of space bases. They are quite difficult and time-consuming for astronauts. (25) —–, there is a high risk of accidents and getting injured. (26) —– the robot is in use, it will be much easier to work on space bases.

Space scientists (22) —– since last January on a robot which will carry out the jobs astronauts do outside their space shuttles. It will be used (23) —– doing risky jobs that may threaten astronauts’ lives. These tasks include the (24) —– and removal of space bases. They are quite difficult and time-consuming for astronauts. (25) —–, there is a high risk of accidents and getting injured. (26) —– the robot is in use, it will be much easier to work on space bases.

Space scientists (22) —– since last January on a robot which will carry out the jobs astronauts do outside their space shuttles. It will be used (23) —– doing risky jobs that may threaten astronauts’ lives. These tasks include the (24) —– and removal of space bases. They are quite difficult and time-consuming for astronauts. (25) —–, there is a high risk of accidents and getting injured. (26) —– the robot is in use, it will be much easier to work on space bases.

Space scientists (22) —– since last January on a robot which will carry out the jobs astronauts do outside their space shuttles. It will be used (23) —– doing risky jobs that may threaten astronauts’ lives. These tasks include the (24) —– and removal of space bases. They are quite difficult and time-consuming for astronauts. (25) —–, there is a high risk of accidents and getting injured. (26) —– the robot is in use, it will be much easier to work on space bases.

The sightseeing trip we had scheduled the month before —–.

We don’t mind the noise —–.

The ban on smoking in public —–.

Many young people look for job opportunities in the field of advertising —–.

Fed up with frequent Mongol attacks, —–.

—– when oil reserves are going to run out.

—– if you had read the owner’s manual more carefully.

—– so that they could see whether there was any evidence in it or not.

The infrastructure for a fast internet connection will be ready —–.

—– so that all side effects can be monitored in detail.

37. – 42. sorularda, verilen İngilizce tümceye anlamca en yakın Türkçe tümceyi, Türkçe tümceye anlamca en yakın İngilizce tümceyi bulun.

Travelling to west has been one of the main subjects of many American films whose plots are set in the 17th century.

In spite of all efforts, drug addiction is still one of the greatest problems in Europe.

If the assistant forces had arrived in time, the military operation would have lasted shorter.

Pek çok romantik İngiliz şairi baharın güzelliklerini şiirlerinde duygusal bir şekilde anlatmıştır.

Otobüsümüz bozulduğunda çevredeki doğal güzellikleri daha yakından inceleme fırsatı bulduk.

Polis bankaya geldiğinde soygunculardan ikisi hâlâ içerdeydi.

43. – 46. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

Muscles can obtain the carbohydrate they need, not only from glycogen stores but also from sugar taken during activity, which elevates blood glucose and enhances endurance. Normally, insulin stimulates all the tissues of the body to drain glucose from the blood and store it; however, this is exactly the opposite of what is needed for performance. During physical activity, the body’s release of the hormone epinephrine keeps insulin from rising in response to glucose entering the blood. Physical activity also enhances muscle sensitivity to insulin so that the muscles become the primary recipient of blood glucose. Consuming sugar is especially useful during exhausting endurance activities lasting more than an hour. Endurance athletes often run short of glucose by the end of competitive events, and they are wise to take light carbohydrate snacks or drinks periodically during activity. During the last stages of an endurance competition, when glycogen is running low, glucose consumed during the event can make its way slowly from the digestive tract to the muscles and increase the body’s supply of glucose enough to prevent exhaustion.

It is clear from the passage that, during prolonged physical activity, —-.

Muscles can obtain the carbohydrate they need, not only from glycogen stores but also from sugar taken during activity, which elevates blood glucose and enhances endurance. Normally, insulin stimulates all the tissues of the body to drain glucose from the blood and store it; however, this is exactly the opposite of what is needed for performance. During physical activity, the body’s release of the hormone epinephrine keeps insulin from rising in response to glucose entering the blood. Physical activity also enhances muscle sensitivity to insulin so that the muscles become the primary recipient of blood glucose. Consuming sugar is especially useful during exhausting endurance activities lasting more than an hour. Endurance athletes often run short of glucose by the end of competitive events, and they are wise to take light carbohydrate snacks or drinks periodically during activity. During the last stages of an endurance competition, when glycogen is running low, glucose consumed during the event can make its way slowly from the digestive tract to the muscles and increase the body’s supply of glucose enough to prevent exhaustion.

One understands from the passage that the rise of insulin in the body —-.

Muscles can obtain the carbohydrate they need, not only from glycogen stores but also from sugar taken during activity, which elevates blood glucose and enhances endurance. Normally, insulin stimulates all the tissues of the body to drain glucose from the blood and store it; however, this is exactly the opposite of what is needed for performance. During physical activity, the body’s release of the hormone epinephrine keeps insulin from rising in response to glucose entering the blood. Physical activity also enhances muscle sensitivity to insulin so that the muscles become the primary recipient of blood glucose. Consuming sugar is especially useful during exhausting endurance activities lasting more than an hour. Endurance athletes often run short of glucose by the end of competitive events, and they are wise to take light carbohydrate snacks or drinks periodically during activity. During the last stages of an endurance competition, when glycogen is running low, glucose consumed during the event can make its way slowly from the digestive tract to the muscles and increase the body’s supply of glucose enough to prevent exhaustion.

It is suggested in the passage that, during an exhausting endurance competition, athletes —-.

Muscles can obtain the carbohydrate they need, not only from glycogen stores but also from sugar taken during activity, which elevates blood glucose and enhances endurance. Normally, insulin stimulates all the tissues of the body to drain glucose from the blood and store it; however, this is exactly the opposite of what is needed for performance. During physical activity, the body’s release of the hormone epinephrine keeps insulin from rising in response to glucose entering the blood. Physical activity also enhances muscle sensitivity to insulin so that the muscles become the primary recipient of blood glucose. Consuming sugar is especially useful during exhausting endurance activities lasting more than an hour. Endurance athletes often run short of glucose by the end of competitive events, and they are wise to take light carbohydrate snacks or drinks periodically during activity. During the last stages of an endurance competition, when glycogen is running low, glucose consumed during the event can make its way slowly from the digestive tract to the muscles and increase the body’s supply of glucose enough to prevent exhaustion.

It is clear from the passage that, during endurance activities, the digestive tract —-.

47. – 50. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

On July 1, 2009, the US state of California began enforcing a new menu-labelling law that requires chain restaurants to post on their menus the calories contained in their food items. Three other states – Oregon, Maine, and Massachusetts – have already passed similar regulations, as have 11 city and county governments. The trend has gathered strength quickly, mostly because of concern about the nation’s expanding waistlines. The next step is to deploy the practice nationally, and the Congress is about to debate such a law. Pressure for this type of move is coming from the obese, who represent more than a third of American adults, and their defenders. Overweight people often struggle to estimate the number of calories they consume when eating out and make mistakes when calculating how much food they should order. Proponents of menu labelling hope that knowing what is in their food may direct people to healthier items. In Los Angeles, for example, officials optimistically predict that menu labelling could prevent nearly 40% of the annual weight gain there. However, the effect of menu labelling on dietary choices remains unclear, and the regulations are too new to produce much evidence. Furthermore, some critics of the trend believe the public-health benefits of the new legislation are irrelevant. For them, the new regulations are welcome as part of a consumer’s wide-ranging right to know.

The passage indicates that the new menu labelling law in California has the potential to —-.

On July 1, 2009, the US state of California began enforcing a new menu-labelling law that requires chain restaurants to post on their menus the calories contained in their food items. Three other states – Oregon, Maine, and Massachusetts – have already passed similar regulations, as have 11 city and county governments. The trend has gathered strength quickly, mostly because of concern about the nation’s expanding waistlines. The next step is to deploy the practice nationally, and the Congress is about to debate such a law. Pressure for this type of move is coming from the obese, who represent more than a third of American adults, and their defenders. Overweight people often struggle to estimate the number of calories they consume when eating out and make mistakes when calculating how much food they should order. Proponents of menu labelling hope that knowing what is in their food may direct people to healthier items. In Los Angeles, for example, officials optimistically predict that menu labelling could prevent nearly 40% of the annual weight gain there. However, the effect of menu labelling on dietary choices remains unclear, and the regulations are too new to produce much evidence. Furthermore, some critics of the trend believe the public-health benefits of the new legislation are irrelevant. For them, the new regulations are welcome as part of a consumer’s wide-ranging right to know.

We can infer from the passage that obese people in the US —-.

On July 1, 2009, the US state of California began enforcing a new menu-labelling law that requires chain restaurants to post on their menus the calories contained in their food items. Three other states – Oregon, Maine, and Massachusetts – have already passed similar regulations, as have 11 city and county governments. The trend has gathered strength quickly, mostly because of concern about the nation’s expanding waistlines. The next step is to deploy the practice nationally, and the Congress is about to debate such a law. Pressure for this type of move is coming from the obese, who represent more than a third of American adults, and their defenders. Overweight people often struggle to estimate the number of calories they consume when eating out and make mistakes when calculating how much food they should order. Proponents of menu labelling hope that knowing what is in their food may direct people to healthier items. In Los Angeles, for example, officials optimistically predict that menu labelling could prevent nearly 40% of the annual weight gain there. However, the effect of menu labelling on dietary choices remains unclear, and the regulations are too new to produce much evidence. Furthermore, some critics of the trend believe the public-health benefits of the new legislation are irrelevant. For them, the new regulations are welcome as part of a consumer’s wide-ranging right to know.

The passage informs us that menu-labelling laws —-.

On July 1, 2009, the US state of California began enforcing a new menu-labelling law that requires chain restaurants to post on their menus the calories contained in their food items. Three other states – Oregon, Maine, and Massachusetts – have already passed similar regulations, as have 11 city and county governments. The trend has gathered strength quickly, mostly because of concern about the nation’s expanding waistlines. The next step is to deploy the practice nationally, and the Congress is about to debate such a law. Pressure for this type of move is coming from the obese, who represent more than a third of American adults, and their defenders. Overweight people often struggle to estimate the number of calories they consume when eating out and make mistakes when calculating how much food they should order. Proponents of menu labelling hope that knowing what is in their food may direct people to healthier items. In Los Angeles, for example, officials optimistically predict that menu labelling could prevent nearly 40% of the annual weight gain there. However, the effect of menu labelling on dietary choices remains unclear, and the regulations are too new to produce much evidence. Furthermore, some critics of the trend believe the public-health benefits of the new legislation are irrelevant. For them, the new regulations are welcome as part of a consumer’s wide-ranging right to know.

The passage points out that the proponents of menu labelling —-.

51. – 54. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

Many governments these days feel that the path to happiness for society as a whole lies through spending on the welfare of its youngest members: their health, education, and general well-being. A recent report from a leading international organization, the OECD, examined these efforts among its 30 member countries in order to learn if the aim was being achieved. Specifically, the researchers investigated 21 variables that were then grouped into six main categories. The results surprisingly showed that while some kinds of spending on children do work, many should be improved or scrapped. Also, total government spending per child was seen to vary considerably, as did outcomes, but the correlation between these was not strong. Moreover, the differences in spending levels among countries were not directly linked to their relative levels of prosperity. For example, rich Sweden is, as expected, kind to its children, but poorish Hungary turns out to be generous, too. Up-and-coming South Korea might be expected to be a bit reluctant to part with so much money, but the stinginess of Switzerland is totally unexpected. Children’s lobbies always want more funds, but the OECD report suggests that more money does not reliably yield better results. America has one of the highest levels of spending per child, and among the worst outcomes. In contrast, Australia spends less, with better outcomes.

The passage points out that an OECD member country’s level of prosperity in relation to other members’ —-.

Many governments these days feel that the path to happiness for society as a whole lies through spending on the welfare of its youngest members: their health, education, and general well-being. A recent report from a leading international organization, the OECD, examined these efforts among its 30 member countries in order to learn if the aim was being achieved. Specifically, the researchers investigated 21 variables that were then grouped into six main categories. The results surprisingly showed that while some kinds of spending on children do work, many should be improved or scrapped. Also, total government spending per child was seen to vary considerably, as did outcomes, but the correlation between these was not strong. Moreover, the differences in spending levels among countries were not directly linked to their relative levels of prosperity. For example, rich Sweden is, as expected, kind to its children, but poorish Hungary turns out to be generous, too. Up-and-coming South Korea might be expected to be a bit reluctant to part with so much money, but the stinginess of Switzerland is totally unexpected. Children’s lobbies always want more funds, but the OECD report suggests that more money does not reliably yield better results. America has one of the highest levels of spending per child, and among the worst outcomes. In contrast, Australia spends less, with better outcomes.

The passage makes it clear that typical expectations about a country’s spending on child welfare —-.

Many governments these days feel that the path to happiness for society as a whole lies through spending on the welfare of its youngest members: their health, education, and general well-being. A recent report from a leading international organization, the OECD, examined these efforts among its 30 member countries in order to learn if the aim was being achieved. Specifically, the researchers investigated 21 variables that were then grouped into six main categories. The results surprisingly showed that while some kinds of spending on children do work, many should be improved or scrapped. Also, total government spending per child was seen to vary considerably, as did outcomes, but the correlation between these was not strong. Moreover, the differences in spending levels among countries were not directly linked to their relative levels of prosperity. For example, rich Sweden is, as expected, kind to its children, but poorish Hungary turns out to be generous, too. Up-and-coming South Korea might be expected to be a bit reluctant to part with so much money, but the stinginess of Switzerland is totally unexpected. Children’s lobbies always want more funds, but the OECD report suggests that more money does not reliably yield better results. America has one of the highest levels of spending per child, and among the worst outcomes. In contrast, Australia spends less, with better outcomes.

According to the passage, the OECD carried out its investigation of child welfare in its members —-.

Many governments these days feel that the path to happiness for society as a whole lies through spending on the welfare of its youngest members: their health, education, and general well-being. A recent report from a leading international organization, the OECD, examined these efforts among its 30 member countries in order to learn if the aim was being achieved. Specifically, the researchers investigated 21 variables that were then grouped into six main categories. The results surprisingly showed that while some kinds of spending on children do work, many should be improved or scrapped. Also, total government spending per child was seen to vary considerably, as did outcomes, but the correlation between these was not strong. Moreover, the differences in spending levels among countries were not directly linked to their relative levels of prosperity. For example, rich Sweden is, as expected, kind to its children, but poorish Hungary turns out to be generous, too. Up-and-coming South Korea might be expected to be a bit reluctant to part with so much money, but the stinginess of Switzerland is totally unexpected. Children’s lobbies always want more funds, but the OECD report suggests that more money does not reliably yield better results. America has one of the highest levels of spending per child, and among the worst outcomes. In contrast, Australia spends less, with better outcomes.

The passage mentions the case of Australia in order to demonstrate —-.

55. – 58. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

Patients are admitted to critical care units from a variety of settings, including the emergency department, medical or surgical service, or operating room. Most critical care patients are acutely and severely ill, commonly with dysfunction or failure of more than one organ system. The initial assessment must be rapid and focus on real or potentially life-threatening processes that require immediate intervention. An example is the resuscitation of a patient with cardiopulmonary arrest. The pace of resuscitation is necessarily quick; physical examination may be restricted initially to the central nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems, and interventions may be limited to the essential ABCs of airway, breathing, and circulation. Later, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, measurement of blood pressure, and other standard procedures should start. In general, management of the critically ill patient should be based on an understanding of physiology and pathophysiology. Indeed, although the contributions of cell and molecular biology to critical care medicine are substantial, the critical care unit more resembles a physiology laboratory, since the effects of its interventions can be directly observed.

The passage explains that initial assessment in the critical care unit —-.

Patients are admitted to critical care units from a variety of settings, including the emergency department, medical or surgical service, or operating room. Most critical care patients are acutely and severely ill, commonly with dysfunction or failure of more than one organ system. The initial assessment must be rapid and focus on real or potentially life-threatening processes that require immediate intervention. An example is the resuscitation of a patient with cardiopulmonary arrest. The pace of resuscitation is necessarily quick; physical examination may be restricted initially to the central nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems, and interventions may be limited to the essential ABCs of airway, breathing, and circulation. Later, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, measurement of blood pressure, and other standard procedures should start. In general, management of the critically ill patient should be based on an understanding of physiology and pathophysiology. Indeed, although the contributions of cell and molecular biology to critical care medicine are substantial, the critical care unit more resembles a physiology laboratory, since the effects of its interventions can be directly observed.

We learn from the passage that critical care medicine —-.

Patients are admitted to critical care units from a variety of settings, including the emergency department, medical or surgical service, or operating room. Most critical care patients are acutely and severely ill, commonly with dysfunction or failure of more than one organ system. The initial assessment must be rapid and focus on real or potentially life-threatening processes that require immediate intervention. An example is the resuscitation of a patient with cardiopulmonary arrest. The pace of resuscitation is necessarily quick; physical examination may be restricted initially to the central nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems, and interventions may be limited to the essential ABCs of airway, breathing, and circulation. Later, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, measurement of blood pressure, and other standard procedures should start. In general, management of the critically ill patient should be based on an understanding of physiology and pathophysiology. Indeed, although the contributions of cell and molecular biology to critical care medicine are substantial, the critical care unit more resembles a physiology laboratory, since the effects of its interventions can be directly observed.

According to the passage, standard procedures in a critical care unit —-.

Patients are admitted to critical care units from a variety of settings, including the emergency department, medical or surgical service, or operating room. Most critical care patients are acutely and severely ill, commonly with dysfunction or failure of more than one organ system. The initial assessment must be rapid and focus on real or potentially life-threatening processes that require immediate intervention. An example is the resuscitation of a patient with cardiopulmonary arrest. The pace of resuscitation is necessarily quick; physical examination may be restricted initially to the central nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems, and interventions may be limited to the essential ABCs of airway, breathing, and circulation. Later, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, measurement of blood pressure, and other standard procedures should start. In general, management of the critically ill patient should be based on an understanding of physiology and pathophysiology. Indeed, although the contributions of cell and molecular biology to critical care medicine are substantial, the critical care unit more resembles a physiology laboratory, since the effects of its interventions can be directly observed.

The passage states that critical care units —-.

59. – 62. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

Palaeontology was once limited to digging up fossils and trying to deduce their age with inaccurate methods. However, fossil analysis improved dramatically in the 1960s, with the advent and refinement of two techniques: radiometric dating and stratigraphy. The first radiometric method was also known as carbon-14 dating, and it was usable for specimens younger than 50,000 years. Later, potassium-argon dating revolutionized the field by enabling scientists to detect the radioactive decay of elements found naturally in rocks and soil surrounding much older fossils. Stratigraphy, which is the study of rock layering, actually was developed well before the 1960s, but that was the decade scientists began to better understand how geological conditions, earthen layers, and fossil records all relate. The resulting refinement of biostratigraphy, i.e., the study of the complete life of a stratum of earth, allowed scientists to determine the environment and lifestyle of human ancestors based on fossilized flora and fauna found within the same layer as the hominine fossils. Since the 1960s, DNA testing has come to be used widely. As all living organisms have the same genetic code, scientists can use DNA variations as a molecular clock. After splitting with a common ancestor, each generation develops a constant rate of genetic mutations. The molecular clock allows scientists to calculate how long ago the split occurred based on the number of differences between species. The method is now helping scientists map the routes that humans took out of Africa.

It can be understood from the passage that the carbon-14 method —-.

Palaeontology was once limited to digging up fossils and trying to deduce their age with inaccurate methods. However, fossil analysis improved dramatically in the 1960s, with the advent and refinement of two techniques: radiometric dating and stratigraphy. The first radiometric method was also known as carbon-14 dating, and it was usable for specimens younger than 50,000 years. Later, potassium-argon dating revolutionized the field by enabling scientists to detect the radioactive decay of elements found naturally in rocks and soil surrounding much older fossils. Stratigraphy, which is the study of rock layering, actually was developed well before the 1960s, but that was the decade scientists began to better understand how geological conditions, earthen layers, and fossil records all relate. The resulting refinement of biostratigraphy, i.e., the study of the complete life of a stratum of earth, allowed scientists to determine the environment and lifestyle of human ancestors based on fossilized flora and fauna found within the same layer as the hominine fossils. Since the 1960s, DNA testing has come to be used widely. As all living organisms have the same genetic code, scientists can use DNA variations as a molecular clock. After splitting with a common ancestor, each generation develops a constant rate of genetic mutations. The molecular clock allows scientists to calculate how long ago the split occurred based on the number of differences between species. The method is now helping scientists map the routes that humans took out of Africa.

It is clearly stressed in the passage that, before the development of different dating methods, —-.

Palaeontology was once limited to digging up fossils and trying to deduce their age with inaccurate methods. However, fossil analysis improved dramatically in the 1960s, with the advent and refinement of two techniques: radiometric dating and stratigraphy. The first radiometric method was also known as carbon-14 dating, and it was usable for specimens younger than 50,000 years. Later, potassium-argon dating revolutionized the field by enabling scientists to detect the radioactive decay of elements found naturally in rocks and soil surrounding much older fossils. Stratigraphy, which is the study of rock layering, actually was developed well before the 1960s, but that was the decade scientists began to better understand how geological conditions, earthen layers, and fossil records all relate. The resulting refinement of biostratigraphy, i.e., the study of the complete life of a stratum of earth, allowed scientists to determine the environment and lifestyle of human ancestors based on fossilized flora and fauna found within the same layer as the hominine fossils. Since the 1960s, DNA testing has come to be used widely. As all living organisms have the same genetic code, scientists can use DNA variations as a molecular clock. After splitting with a common ancestor, each generation develops a constant rate of genetic mutations. The molecular clock allows scientists to calculate how long ago the split occurred based on the number of differences between species. The method is now helping scientists map the routes that humans took out of Africa.

According to the passage, stratigraphy —-.

Palaeontology was once limited to digging up fossils and trying to deduce their age with inaccurate methods. However, fossil analysis improved dramatically in the 1960s, with the advent and refinement of two techniques: radiometric dating and stratigraphy. The first radiometric method was also known as carbon-14 dating, and it was usable for specimens younger than 50,000 years. Later, potassium-argon dating revolutionized the field by enabling scientists to detect the radioactive decay of elements found naturally in rocks and soil surrounding much older fossils. Stratigraphy, which is the study of rock layering, actually was developed well before the 1960s, but that was the decade scientists began to better understand how geological conditions, earthen layers, and fossil records all relate. The resulting refinement of biostratigraphy, i.e., the study of the complete life of a stratum of earth, allowed scientists to determine the environment and lifestyle of human ancestors based on fossilized flora and fauna found within the same layer as the hominine fossils. Since the 1960s, DNA testing has come to be used widely. As all living organisms have the same genetic code, scientists can use DNA variations as a molecular clock. After splitting with a common ancestor, each generation develops a constant rate of genetic mutations. The molecular clock allows scientists to calculate how long ago the split occurred based on the number of differences between species. The method is now helping scientists map the routes that humans took out of Africa.

The passage is mainly concerned with —-.

63. – 67. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulun.

Gill:
– We need to go shopping; there is nothing to eat in the fridge.
Bob:
– Oh, really? But we have recently been to shopping.
Gill:
– —–
Bob:
– Oh, sorry. I completely forgot. I’ll do the shopping after work today.

Robert:
– Is there a problem there?
Clark:
– I am afraid there is. My computer isn’t running properly.
Robert:
– —–
Clark:
– I tried that, but nobody answered.

Ricky:
– Are you going to go to Bob’s birthday party?
Steve:
– —–
Ricky:
– Oh, come on, it’s a nice chance to make it up with him.
Steve:
– I don’t think so because he doesn’t like me any more.

Cathy:
– We really wonder when you and Roy are going to get married.
Sue:
– —–
Cathy:
– Have you made any job applications?
Sue:
– Yes, we both have made many and we are waiting for the dates of the interviews.

Visitor:
– I would like to see the sales manager.
Ricky:
– —–
Visitor:
– How can I get there?
Ricky:
– You can take the lift, at the end of the corridor.

68. – 71. sorularda, verilen tümceye anlamca en yakın tümceyi bulun.

Mr. Simon’s excellent skills in administration helped him become the manager.

We may experience some device failures due to lack of maintenance.

Ricky is certainly not the most experienced employee in our company.

For someone to get a good job, he must be both well-educated and skilled.

72. – 75. sorularda, metinde boş bırakılan yere anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek tümceyi bulun.

Nutritionists argue that housewives are bound to gain weight because their life involves doing chores that require less energy than their calorie intake. —–. They calculated how many calories a woman spends during an ordinary day and compared it with her daily food intake. The result is that she won’t gain weight if she doesn’t exceed the standard amount of calories.

The poisonous gases which are being released into the atmosphere are threatening our existence on earth. These gases form a layer in the atmosphere and reflect the sunlight back to the surface of the earth. —–. This increase can seem trivial, but it is too much when compared to the balance of the nature. This will threaten food and water sources unless something is done to prevent it.

Gangsters always have enemies, and so did the famous Italian gangster Al Capone. One day, his enemies prepared a deadly trap for him. —–. They fired their guns inside, and killed everyone except Al Capone who wasn’t there. He was a little late, and this saved his life.

A lot of people criticize the police for applying force during demonstrations. However, they don’t consider the situation from the perspective of the police. —–. They have to be stopped, and the only way is sometimes force. People often act crazily when they are in large groups and the just ignore the warnings of the police.

76. – 80. sorularda, tümceler verilen sıralamada okunduğunda anlam bütünlüğünü bozan tümceyi bulun.

(I) Revolutions don’t always take place in a peaceful atmosphere. (II) The Declaration of Independence pronounced the thirteen states in America as an independent nation. (III) Sometimes the revolutionists may be attacked and even killed. (IV) This is due to the fact that their opinions and their attempt to change the existing system anger others. (V) Some survive this hostile approach and some can’t.

(I) Kindergartens have recently become quite common in big cities. (II) This may be due to the fact that parents have understood the importance of pre-school education. (III) Or it may result from the high percentage of working mothers who don’t have anyone to look after the child. (IV) The child can easily develop his imagination with such kind of an activity. (V) Whatever is the reason, it is something quite beneficial for the self improvement of children.

(I) The heavy traffic at rush hours sometimes becomes unbearable. (II) Then, many people want to get out of their cars and walk home. (III) This is actually going to be possible in the future. (IV) Sidewalks and parking spaces are being built so that people can park anywhere and walk home. (V) The majority of New Yorkers support that using public transport saves much more time than driving home.

(I) It is surprising that some people believe in any nonsense news. (II) The media has the responsibility of providing people with information. (III) While doing this, they must be subjective and they mustn’t lie. (IV) Subjectivity and false news make the media lose credibility. (V) It also decreases public confidence and respect.

(I) When the existence of an animal is threatened in its natural habitat, it starts to fight for survival. (II) It tries to move the threat away at all costs. (III) A lot of poachers get away with the harm they do to the balance of the nature. (IV) If the threat can’t be removed, then it moves to a similar habitat. (V) It tries to get used to the new surrounding, and if no threat is present, it permanently says there.