1. – 6. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

The committee examined the proposal —- before reaching a final decision on the policy change.

Many scholars believe that the decline of the civilization can be —- from a combination of environmental and political factors.

The sudden —- in demand for electric vehicles has transformed the automotive industry.

The global shortage of semiconductors was largely —- disruptions in supply chains.

Several old buildings were —- in order to prevent the fire from spreading to the next street.

Following the merger, the company became the —- provider of renewable energy solutions in the region.

7. – 16. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

—- the proposal is rejected by the board, the project can still proceed with external funding.

The experiment failed to produce consistent results; —-, the hypothesis had to be reconsidered.

—- reshaping educational methods, artificial intelligence is changing assessment practices.

Are experienced readers —- efficient at identifying implicit meanings —- novice readers?

By the end of the semester, the faculty —- a revised curriculum and supplementary materials —- in all departments.

Emergency measures were introduced —- minimize the economic impact of the crisis.

Researchers have long studied the distinction —- inherited traits and acquired characteristics —- decades.

Public concern has increasingly focused —- data privacy regulations —- recent years.

The Industrial Revolution —- production methods and permanently —- social structures.

An ideal educational policy —- equal opportunities for all learners, but such policies rarely —- in practice.

17. – 21. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

The concept of “Natural Capital” suggests that nature should be viewed as an economic asset that provides a flow of services to humanity. Traditionally, economists (17) —- the environment as an infinite resource, but modern theories argue that this capital is finite and must be managed. (18) —- terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are properly valued, we risk depleting the very resources that sustain global markets. Much of the difficulty lies in the fact that many environmental benefits, such as carbon sequestration, are not traded in traditional markets. (19) —-, their value is often ignored until they are lost. Experts are now working (20) —- standardized methods to integrate these values into national accounts. By shifting our focus (21) —- pure GDP growth to “inclusive wealth,” policymakers can better ensure long-term sustainability.

The concept of “Natural Capital” suggests that nature should be viewed as an economic asset that provides a flow of services to humanity. Traditionally, economists (17) —- the environment as an infinite resource, but modern theories argue that this capital is finite and must be managed. (18) —- terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are properly valued, we risk depleting the very resources that sustain global markets. Much of the difficulty lies in the fact that many environmental benefits, such as carbon sequestration, are not traded in traditional markets. (19) —-, their value is often ignored until they are lost. Experts are now working (20) —- standardized methods to integrate these values into national accounts. By shifting our focus (21) —- pure GDP growth to “inclusive wealth,” policymakers can better ensure long-term sustainability.

The concept of “Natural Capital” suggests that nature should be viewed as an economic asset that provides a flow of services to humanity. Traditionally, economists (17) —- the environment as an infinite resource, but modern theories argue that this capital is finite and must be managed. (18) —- terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are properly valued, we risk depleting the very resources that sustain global markets. Much of the difficulty lies in the fact that many environmental benefits, such as carbon sequestration, are not traded in traditional markets. (19) —-, their value is often ignored until they are lost. Experts are now working (20) —- standardized methods to integrate these values into national accounts. By shifting our focus (21) —- pure GDP growth to “inclusive wealth,” policymakers can better ensure long-term sustainability.

The concept of “Natural Capital” suggests that nature should be viewed as an economic asset that provides a flow of services to humanity. Traditionally, economists (17) —- the environment as an infinite resource, but modern theories argue that this capital is finite and must be managed. (18) —- terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are properly valued, we risk depleting the very resources that sustain global markets. Much of the difficulty lies in the fact that many environmental benefits, such as carbon sequestration, are not traded in traditional markets. (19) —-, their value is often ignored until they are lost. Experts are now working (20) —- standardized methods to integrate these values into national accounts. By shifting our focus (21) —- pure GDP growth to “inclusive wealth,” policymakers can better ensure long-term sustainability.

The concept of “Natural Capital” suggests that nature should be viewed as an economic asset that provides a flow of services to humanity. Traditionally, economists (17) —- the environment as an infinite resource, but modern theories argue that this capital is finite and must be managed. (18) —- terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are properly valued, we risk depleting the very resources that sustain global markets. Much of the difficulty lies in the fact that many environmental benefits, such as carbon sequestration, are not traded in traditional markets. (19) —-, their value is often ignored until they are lost. Experts are now working (20) —- standardized methods to integrate these values into national accounts. By shifting our focus (21) —- pure GDP growth to “inclusive wealth,” policymakers can better ensure long-term sustainability.

22. – 26. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century is often cited as the most influential event in the modern period. Before this innovation, books (22) —- by hand, a process that was both time-consuming and prone to error. The introduction of movable type allowed for the mass production of texts, (23) —- led to a rapid increase in literacy rates across Europe. (24) —- the clergy and the nobility, who previously held a monopoly on knowledge, the general public suddenly gained access to scientific and philosophical ideas. This democratization of information was pivotal (25) —- the onset of the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution. Even today, as we transition into a digital age, the legacy of the printed word continues to exert a profound influence (26) —- how we consume and verify information.

The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century is often cited as the most influential event in the modern period. Before this innovation, books (22) —- by hand, a process that was both time-consuming and prone to error. The introduction of movable type allowed for the mass production of texts, (23) —- led to a rapid increase in literacy rates across Europe. (24) —- the clergy and the nobility, who previously held a monopoly on knowledge, the general public suddenly gained access to scientific and philosophical ideas. This democratization of information was pivotal (25) —- the onset of the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution. Even today, as we transition into a digital age, the legacy of the printed word continues to exert a profound influence (26) —- how we consume and verify information.

The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century is often cited as the most influential event in the modern period. Before this innovation, books (22) —- by hand, a process that was both time-consuming and prone to error. The introduction of movable type allowed for the mass production of texts, (23) —- led to a rapid increase in literacy rates across Europe. (24) —- the clergy and the nobility, who previously held a monopoly on knowledge, the general public suddenly gained access to scientific and philosophical ideas. This democratization of information was pivotal (25) —- the onset of the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution. Even today, as we transition into a digital age, the legacy of the printed word continues to exert a profound influence (26) —- how we consume and verify information.

The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century is often cited as the most influential event in the modern period. Before this innovation, books (22) —- by hand, a process that was both time-consuming and prone to error. The introduction of movable type allowed for the mass production of texts, (23) —- led to a rapid increase in literacy rates across Europe. (24) —- the clergy and the nobility, who previously held a monopoly on knowledge, the general public suddenly gained access to scientific and philosophical ideas. This democratization of information was pivotal (25) —- the onset of the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution. Even today, as we transition into a digital age, the legacy of the printed word continues to exert a profound influence (26) —- how we consume and verify information.

The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century is often cited as the most influential event in the modern period. Before this innovation, books (22) —- by hand, a process that was both time-consuming and prone to error. The introduction of movable type allowed for the mass production of texts, (23) —- led to a rapid increase in literacy rates across Europe. (24) —- the clergy and the nobility, who previously held a monopoly on knowledge, the general public suddenly gained access to scientific and philosophical ideas. This democratization of information was pivotal (25) —- the onset of the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution. Even today, as we transition into a digital age, the legacy of the printed word continues to exert a profound influence (26) —- how we consume and verify information.

27. – 36. sorularda, tümceyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulun.

Much as the rapid development of autonomous vehicles promises to reduce traffic accidents caused by human error, —-.

—- that the first inhabitants of the Americas arrived via a land bridge from Siberia during the last Ice Age.

If the European Central Bank had not intervened so aggressively during the last financial crisis, —-.

Just as a physical workout strengthens the muscles and improves cardiovascular health, —-.

Despite the widespread assumption that introverts are less capable of effective leadership, —-.

—-, the Great Wall of China is actually a series of multiple fortifications built by different dynasties over centuries.

Not until the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 —-.

While traditional print journalism has struggled to remain profitable in the age of the internet, —-.

So long as the global community fails to reach a consensus on carbon emission quotas, —-.

—-, such as the ability to solve complex problems or recognize patterns, are no longer exclusive to biological organisms.

37. – 42. sorularda, verilen İngilizce tümceye anlamca en yakın Türkçe tümceyi, Türkçe tümceye anlamca en yakın İngilizce tümceyi bulun.

Agricultural biotechnology could provide a solution to world hunger by increasing crop yields and making plants more resistant to pests.

Although the human brain accounts for only two percent of body weight, it consumes about twenty percent of the body’s total energy.

The Silk Road was not a single thoroughfare but a network of trade routes that linked China with the Mediterranean world.

17. yüzyılda teleskobun icat edilmesi, gökbilimcilerin evreni daha önce hiç olmadığı kadar detaylı bir şekilde gözlemlemelerine olanak sağlamıştır.

Birçok uzman, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yapılan yatırımların sadece çevreyi korumakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda ekonomik büyümeyi de teşvik edeceğine inanmaktadır.

Arkeologlar tarafından Peru’nun kıyı bölgelerinde yürütülen kazılar, İnka öncesi medeniyetlerin sosyal yapısı hakkında şaşırtıcı gerçekleri ortaya çıkarmıştır.

43. – 46. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

Bioluminescence, the production and emission of light by a living organism, is a widespread phenomenon in the deep ocean, where sunlight cannot penetrate. Unlike the light produced by a bulb, which generates significant heat, bioluminescence is a “cold light,” meaning less than 20% of the light generates thermal radiation. This chemical reaction typically involves a light-emitting molecule called luciferin and an enzyme called luciferase. Marine organisms have evolved to use this ability for a variety of survival strategies. For instance, the anglerfish uses a glowing lure to attract prey, while certain species of shrimp spew bioluminescent clouds to startle and distract predators, much like a squid uses ink. Some jellyfish use flashes of light to signal for “help” when attacked, attracting even larger predators that might eat the jellyfish’s current attacker. Because the deep sea is the largest habitat on Earth, bioluminescence may well be one of the most common forms of communication on our planet, yet much of its chemical diversity remains uncatalogued by scientists.

According to the passage, bioluminescence is referred to as “cold light” because —-.

Bioluminescence, the production and emission of light by a living organism, is a widespread phenomenon in the deep ocean, where sunlight cannot penetrate. Unlike the light produced by a bulb, which generates significant heat, bioluminescence is a “cold light,” meaning less than 20% of the light generates thermal radiation. This chemical reaction typically involves a light-emitting molecule called luciferin and an enzyme called luciferase. Marine organisms have evolved to use this ability for a variety of survival strategies. For instance, the anglerfish uses a glowing lure to attract prey, while certain species of shrimp spew bioluminescent clouds to startle and distract predators, much like a squid uses ink. Some jellyfish use flashes of light to signal for “help” when attacked, attracting even larger predators that might eat the jellyfish’s current attacker. Because the deep sea is the largest habitat on Earth, bioluminescence may well be one of the most common forms of communication on our planet, yet much of its chemical diversity remains uncatalogued by scientists.

It is clear from the passage that the primary purpose of the glowing lure on an anglerfish is to —-.

Bioluminescence, the production and emission of light by a living organism, is a widespread phenomenon in the deep ocean, where sunlight cannot penetrate. Unlike the light produced by a bulb, which generates significant heat, bioluminescence is a “cold light,” meaning less than 20% of the light generates thermal radiation. This chemical reaction typically involves a light-emitting molecule called luciferin and an enzyme called luciferase. Marine organisms have evolved to use this ability for a variety of survival strategies. For instance, the anglerfish uses a glowing lure to attract prey, while certain species of shrimp spew bioluminescent clouds to startle and distract predators, much like a squid uses ink. Some jellyfish use flashes of light to signal for “help” when attacked, attracting even larger predators that might eat the jellyfish’s current attacker. Because the deep sea is the largest habitat on Earth, bioluminescence may well be one of the most common forms of communication on our planet, yet much of its chemical diversity remains uncatalogued by scientists.

As pointed out in the passage, some jellyfish use their light as a “burglar alarm” in order to —-.

Bioluminescence, the production and emission of light by a living organism, is a widespread phenomenon in the deep ocean, where sunlight cannot penetrate. Unlike the light produced by a bulb, which generates significant heat, bioluminescence is a “cold light,” meaning less than 20% of the light generates thermal radiation. This chemical reaction typically involves a light-emitting molecule called luciferin and an enzyme called luciferase. Marine organisms have evolved to use this ability for a variety of survival strategies. For instance, the anglerfish uses a glowing lure to attract prey, while certain species of shrimp spew bioluminescent clouds to startle and distract predators, much like a squid uses ink. Some jellyfish use flashes of light to signal for “help” when attacked, attracting even larger predators that might eat the jellyfish’s current attacker. Because the deep sea is the largest habitat on Earth, bioluminescence may well be one of the most common forms of communication on our planet, yet much of its chemical diversity remains uncatalogued by scientists.

The word “penetrate” in the passage is closest in meaning to —-.

47. – 50. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

For nearly two millennia, the geocentric model, which placed the Earth at the center of the universe, was the accepted cosmological paradigm. This view was not merely a scientific theory but was deeply intertwined with religious and philosophical dogmas that emphasized humanity’s central place in creation. However, the 16th-century publication of Nicolaus Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium proposed a revolutionary heliocentric system, suggesting that the Earth and other planets revolved around the Sun. Copernicus’s model was initially met with skepticism, not only because it contradicted established scripture but also because it lacked the mathematical precision to perfectly predict planetary positions. It was not until Johannes Kepler introduced elliptical orbits and Galileo Galilei provided telescopic evidence—such as the phases of Venus—that the heliocentric model gained scientific ascendancy. This shift, known as the Copernican Revolution, fundamentally altered the trajectory of human thought, marking the transition from the medieval worldview to the era of modern science.

According to the passage, the geocentric model was maintained for such a long period because —-.

For nearly two millennia, the geocentric model, which placed the Earth at the center of the universe, was the accepted cosmological paradigm. This view was not merely a scientific theory but was deeply intertwined with religious and philosophical dogmas that emphasized humanity’s central place in creation. However, the 16th-century publication of Nicolaus Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium proposed a revolutionary heliocentric system, suggesting that the Earth and other planets revolved around the Sun. Copernicus’s model was initially met with skepticism, not only because it contradicted established scripture but also because it lacked the mathematical precision to perfectly predict planetary positions. It was not until Johannes Kepler introduced elliptical orbits and Galileo Galilei provided telescopic evidence—such as the phases of Venus—that the heliocentric model gained scientific ascendancy. This shift, known as the Copernican Revolution, fundamentally altered the trajectory of human thought, marking the transition from the medieval worldview to the era of modern science.

It is stated in the passage that Copernicus’s heliocentric model was initially criticized because —-.

For nearly two millennia, the geocentric model, which placed the Earth at the center of the universe, was the accepted cosmological paradigm. This view was not merely a scientific theory but was deeply intertwined with religious and philosophical dogmas that emphasized humanity’s central place in creation. However, the 16th-century publication of Nicolaus Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium proposed a revolutionary heliocentric system, suggesting that the Earth and other planets revolved around the Sun. Copernicus’s model was initially met with skepticism, not only because it contradicted established scripture but also because it lacked the mathematical precision to perfectly predict planetary positions. It was not until Johannes Kepler introduced elliptical orbits and Galileo Galilei provided telescopic evidence—such as the phases of Venus—that the heliocentric model gained scientific ascendancy. This shift, known as the Copernican Revolution, fundamentally altered the trajectory of human thought, marking the transition from the medieval worldview to the era of modern science.

It can be inferred from the passage that the work of Kepler and Galileo —-.

For nearly two millennia, the geocentric model, which placed the Earth at the center of the universe, was the accepted cosmological paradigm. This view was not merely a scientific theory but was deeply intertwined with religious and philosophical dogmas that emphasized humanity’s central place in creation. However, the 16th-century publication of Nicolaus Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium proposed a revolutionary heliocentric system, suggesting that the Earth and other planets revolved around the Sun. Copernicus’s model was initially met with skepticism, not only because it contradicted established scripture but also because it lacked the mathematical precision to perfectly predict planetary positions. It was not until Johannes Kepler introduced elliptical orbits and Galileo Galilei provided telescopic evidence—such as the phases of Venus—that the heliocentric model gained scientific ascendancy. This shift, known as the Copernican Revolution, fundamentally altered the trajectory of human thought, marking the transition from the medieval worldview to the era of modern science.

The word “ascendancy” in the passage is closest in meaning to —-.

51. – 54. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

The relationship between language and thought has long been a subject of debate among linguists and psychologists. At the center of this discussion is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which suggests that the structure of a language influences or even determines the way its speakers perceive and categorize the world. The “strong” version of this theory, known as linguistic determinism, argues that if a language lacks a word for a certain concept, its speakers cannot truly understand that concept. For instance, it was once famously, though inaccurately, claimed that because Inuit languages have many words for snow, they perceive the substance differently than English speakers. Most modern linguists, however, subscribe to a “weaker” version known as linguistic relativity. This view suggests that while language may influence thought processes—such as making certain distinctions more salient or easier to remember—it does not strictly limit the human capacity for reasoning. While the hypothesis remains controversial, studies in color perception and spatial orientation continue to provide evidence that the language we speak can indeed shape our cognitive habits.

According to the “strong” version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, —-.

The relationship between language and thought has long been a subject of debate among linguists and psychologists. At the center of this discussion is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which suggests that the structure of a language influences or even determines the way its speakers perceive and categorize the world. The “strong” version of this theory, known as linguistic determinism, argues that if a language lacks a word for a certain concept, its speakers cannot truly understand that concept. For instance, it was once famously, though inaccurately, claimed that because Inuit languages have many words for snow, they perceive the substance differently than English speakers. Most modern linguists, however, subscribe to a “weaker” version known as linguistic relativity. This view suggests that while language may influence thought processes—such as making certain distinctions more salient or easier to remember—it does not strictly limit the human capacity for reasoning. While the hypothesis remains controversial, studies in color perception and spatial orientation continue to provide evidence that the language we speak can indeed shape our cognitive habits.

As stated in the passage, the example concerning the Inuit and snow is mentioned to —-.

The relationship between language and thought has long been a subject of debate among linguists and psychologists. At the center of this discussion is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which suggests that the structure of a language influences or even determines the way its speakers perceive and categorize the world. The “strong” version of this theory, known as linguistic determinism, argues that if a language lacks a word for a certain concept, its speakers cannot truly understand that concept. For instance, it was once famously, though inaccurately, claimed that because Inuit languages have many words for snow, they perceive the substance differently than English speakers. Most modern linguists, however, subscribe to a “weaker” version known as linguistic relativity. This view suggests that while language may influence thought processes—such as making certain distinctions more salient or easier to remember—it does not strictly limit the human capacity for reasoning. While the hypothesis remains controversial, studies in color perception and spatial orientation continue to provide evidence that the language we speak can indeed shape our cognitive habits.

Most contemporary linguists believe that the relationship between language and thought —-.

The relationship between language and thought has long been a subject of debate among linguists and psychologists. At the center of this discussion is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which suggests that the structure of a language influences or even determines the way its speakers perceive and categorize the world. The “strong” version of this theory, known as linguistic determinism, argues that if a language lacks a word for a certain concept, its speakers cannot truly understand that concept. For instance, it was once famously, though inaccurately, claimed that because Inuit languages have many words for snow, they perceive the substance differently than English speakers. Most modern linguists, however, subscribe to a “weaker” version known as linguistic relativity. This view suggests that while language may influence thought processes—such as making certain distinctions more salient or easier to remember—it does not strictly limit the human capacity for reasoning. While the hypothesis remains controversial, studies in color perception and spatial orientation continue to provide evidence that the language we speak can indeed shape our cognitive habits.

The word “salient” in the passage is closest in meaning to —-.

55. – 58. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

The emergence of the skyscraper in the late 19th century was a direct response to the increasing value of urban land and the technological advancements of the Industrial Revolution. Before this era, the height of buildings was limited by the load-bearing capacity of masonry walls; the higher the building, the thicker the walls had to be at the base, which eventually made the interior space unusable. The breakthrough came with the development of the steel-frame skeleton, which allowed the weight of the building to be supported by a grid of steel columns rather than the walls themselves. Coupled with the invention of the safety elevator by Elisha Otis, which made upper floors accessible and desirable, the skyscraper transformed the skyline of cities like Chicago and New York. Beyond their functional utility in maximizing office space, skyscrapers became symbols of corporate power and national prestige. However, the rise of these “vertical cities” also created new challenges, including the blocking of sunlight at street level and the increased strain on urban infrastructure.

According to the passage, the height of buildings was restricted in the pre-industrial era because —-.

The emergence of the skyscraper in the late 19th century was a direct response to the increasing value of urban land and the technological advancements of the Industrial Revolution. Before this era, the height of buildings was limited by the load-bearing capacity of masonry walls; the higher the building, the thicker the walls had to be at the base, which eventually made the interior space unusable. The breakthrough came with the development of the steel-frame skeleton, which allowed the weight of the building to be supported by a grid of steel columns rather than the walls themselves. Coupled with the invention of the safety elevator by Elisha Otis, which made upper floors accessible and desirable, the skyscraper transformed the skyline of cities like Chicago and New York. Beyond their functional utility in maximizing office space, skyscrapers became symbols of corporate power and national prestige. However, the rise of these “vertical cities” also created new challenges, including the blocking of sunlight at street level and the increased strain on urban infrastructure.

It is clear from the passage that the safety elevator was crucial to the success of skyscrapers because it —-.

The emergence of the skyscraper in the late 19th century was a direct response to the increasing value of urban land and the technological advancements of the Industrial Revolution. Before this era, the height of buildings was limited by the load-bearing capacity of masonry walls; the higher the building, the thicker the walls had to be at the base, which eventually made the interior space unusable. The breakthrough came with the development of the steel-frame skeleton, which allowed the weight of the building to be supported by a grid of steel columns rather than the walls themselves. Coupled with the invention of the safety elevator by Elisha Otis, which made upper floors accessible and desirable, the skyscraper transformed the skyline of cities like Chicago and New York. Beyond their functional utility in maximizing office space, skyscrapers became symbols of corporate power and national prestige. However, the rise of these “vertical cities” also created new challenges, including the blocking of sunlight at street level and the increased strain on urban infrastructure.

As pointed out in the passage, the transition to skyscrapers —-.

The emergence of the skyscraper in the late 19th century was a direct response to the increasing value of urban land and the technological advancements of the Industrial Revolution. Before this era, the height of buildings was limited by the load-bearing capacity of masonry walls; the higher the building, the thicker the walls had to be at the base, which eventually made the interior space unusable. The breakthrough came with the development of the steel-frame skeleton, which allowed the weight of the building to be supported by a grid of steel columns rather than the walls themselves. Coupled with the invention of the safety elevator by Elisha Otis, which made upper floors accessible and desirable, the skyscraper transformed the skyline of cities like Chicago and New York. Beyond their functional utility in maximizing office space, skyscrapers became symbols of corporate power and national prestige. However, the rise of these “vertical cities” also created new challenges, including the blocking of sunlight at street level and the increased strain on urban infrastructure.

As it is stated in the passage, despite their such problem-solving features as better land use, skyscrapers —-

59. – 62. soruları verilen metne göre yanıtlayın.

Social stratification refers to a society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power. In most societies, stratification is a system that persists over generations; it is not just a reflection of individual differences but is built into the structure of society. Sociologists distinguish between “closed” systems, which accommodate little change in social position, and “open” systems, which are based on achievement. A “caste” system is a prime example of a closed system, where people are born into their social standing and remain in it their entire lives. In contrast, a “class” system is an open system based on both social factors and individual achievement. While class systems allow for “social mobility”—the ability to move up or down the social ladder—this mobility is often more difficult to achieve in reality than it is in theory. Factors such as access to quality education and networking opportunities often mean that the social class of one’s parents remains a strong predictor of one’s own future standing.

According to the passage, social stratification is best described as —-.

Social stratification refers to a society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power. In most societies, stratification is a system that persists over generations; it is not just a reflection of individual differences but is built into the structure of society. Sociologists distinguish between “closed” systems, which accommodate little change in social position, and “open” systems, which are based on achievement. A “caste” system is a prime example of a closed system, where people are born into their social standing and remain in it their entire lives. In contrast, a “class” system is an open system based on both social factors and individual achievement. While class systems allow for “social mobility”—the ability to move up or down the social ladder—this mobility is often more difficult to achieve in reality than it is in theory. Factors such as access to quality education and networking opportunities often mean that the social class of one’s parents remains a strong predictor of one’s own future standing.

It is stated in the passage that the main difference between a caste system and a class system is —-.

Social stratification refers to a society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power. In most societies, stratification is a system that persists over generations; it is not just a reflection of individual differences but is built into the structure of society. Sociologists distinguish between “closed” systems, which accommodate little change in social position, and “open” systems, which are based on achievement. A “caste” system is a prime example of a closed system, where people are born into their social standing and remain in it their entire lives. In contrast, a “class” system is an open system based on both social factors and individual achievement. While class systems allow for “social mobility”—the ability to move up or down the social ladder—this mobility is often more difficult to achieve in reality than it is in theory. Factors such as access to quality education and networking opportunities often mean that the social class of one’s parents remains a strong predictor of one’s own future standing.

It can be inferred from the passage that social mobility in a class system —-.

Social stratification refers to a society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power. In most societies, stratification is a system that persists over generations; it is not just a reflection of individual differences but is built into the structure of society. Sociologists distinguish between “closed” systems, which accommodate little change in social position, and “open” systems, which are based on achievement. A “caste” system is a prime example of a closed system, where people are born into their social standing and remain in it their entire lives. In contrast, a “class” system is an open system based on both social factors and individual achievement. While class systems allow for “social mobility”—the ability to move up or down the social ladder—this mobility is often more difficult to achieve in reality than it is in theory. Factors such as access to quality education and networking opportunities often mean that the social class of one’s parents remains a strong predictor of one’s own future standing.

It can be inferred from the information presented in the passage that, in a “closed” system, people who were born into a low social standing —–

63. – 67. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulun.

Student:
—-
Professor:
That would be a significant improvement. Providing a step-by-step justification for your data collection will make your findings much more credible.
Student:
I’ll get to work on that immediately and send you the revised version by the end of the week.

HR Manager:
– We’ve noticed that employee engagement scores have dropped slightly in the IT department over the last quarter.
Team Lead:
– —-
HR Manager:
– That’s a valid point. If the team feels their efforts aren’t being acknowledged, it’s only natural for motivation to wane.
Team Lead:
– Exactly; we need to implement a more consistent recognition program to boost morale before the next big project begins.

Architect:
– I understand you want a minimalist design for the new gallery, but we need to consider the acoustic properties of such a large, open space.
Client:
– —-
Architect:
– An inexpensive and practical solution that would be. It would allow us to maintain the clean lines you want while ensuring the sound doesn’t echo uncomfortably.
Client:
– Great, let’s look at some samples of those materials to see how they fit into the overall aesthetic.

Travel Agent:
– Given the current volatility in the region, I would suggest you shift your focus to much more secure regions.
Customer:
– —-
Travel Agent:
– More or less. Yet, this will cost less and give you the opportunity of a longer holiday.
Customer:
– It will be hard to explain this to our kids but you are absolutely right.

Editor:
– Your article on renewable energy is very informative, but the conclusion feels a bit abrupt.
Journalist:
– —-
Editor:
– That would provide much-needed closure. It’s important for the reader to understand what the next logical steps are for the industry.
Journalist:
– I agree. I’ll add a few paragraphs discussing the potential impact of upcoming policy changes in Europe.

68. – 71. sorularda, verilen tümceye anlamca en yakın tümceyi bulun.

It is not until a child reaches the age of seven that they typically begin to develop a sophisticated understanding of abstract mathematical concepts.

Although rare, the side effects of this medication are serious enough to warrant close medical supervision during the first week of treatment.

No other discovery in the 20th century had as profound an impact on the field of biology as the identification of the structure of DNA.

Despite the widespread belief that high-protein diets are the best way to lose weight, many nutritionists argue that a balanced intake of all food groups is more sustainable.

72. – 75. sorularda, metinde boş bırakılan yere anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek tümceyi bulun.

The development of the printing press in the 15th century is often considered the most important event of the modern era. Before Gutenberg, books were copied by hand, making them expensive and rare. —- This newfound accessibility triggered a surge in literacy rates among the middle class and fuelled the flames of the Reformation. It allowed for the rapid dissemination of scientific and philosophical ideas that had previously been confined to the clergy.

Inflation is defined as the general increase in prices and the subsequent fall in the purchasing power of money. While moderate inflation is often seen as a sign of a growing economy, “hyperinflation” can be catastrophic. —- In such extreme scenarios, the local currency loses its value so rapidly that citizens often resort to bartering for basic goods like bread and fuel. This leads to a total breakdown of the financial system and widespread social instability.

Urbanization has led to the rise of “megacities,” which are defined as metropolitan areas with a population of over ten million people. While these hubs offer immense economic opportunities, they also face significant logistical challenges. —- The most pressing of these is the provision of adequate housing and sanitation for the thousands of new residents arriving every day. Without proper planning, these cities often see the growth of informal settlements that lack basic infrastructure.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the total entropy, or disorder, of an isolated system will always increase over time. This principle explains why heat always flows from a hotter object to a colder one and never the reverse. —- This unidirectional flow of energy is what gives time a specific “arrow,” distinguishing the past from the future. It implies that the universe is gradually moving toward a state of maximum disorder and thermal equilibrium.

76. – 80. sorularda, tümceler verilen sıralamada okunduğunda anlam bütünlüğünü bozan tümceyi bulun.

(I) Forensic ballistics involves the analysis of bullets and firearms to determine if a specific weapon was used in a crime. (II) Most modern handguns are designed with ergonomic grips to ensure they are comfortable for the user to hold. (III) When a gun is fired, the barrel leaves unique microscopic striations, or grooves, on the bullet. (IV) These markings act like a “fingerprint,” allowing investigators to match a spent casing back to a particular firearm. (V) Such evidence is often crucial in criminal trials for linking a suspect to the scene of a shooting.

(I) Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. (II) This chemical reaction occurs primarily in the leaves, within specialized organelles called chloroplasts. (III) These structures contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs light energy to drive the synthesis of glucose. (IV) Many desert plants have evolved thorns and thick skins to protect themselves from the heat of the sun. (V) Without this fundamental energy conversion, most life on Earth would be unable to survive.

(I) Standardized testing has long been a subject of intense debate in the field of education. (II) Proponents argue that these exams provide an objective measure of student achievement across different school districts. (III) They claim that without such data, it would be impossible to identify which schools are failing and need extra funding. (IV) Critics, however, maintain that these tests often measure a student’s socio-economic background rather than their actual potential. (V) In recent years, many students have expressed a preference for having online examinations instead of having traditional tests.

(I) The Great Pyramid near Cairo was constructed as a burial place for the pharaoh, the absolute ruler of Egypt. (II) Tourism at the Great Pyramid has increased significantly, leading to concerns about the erosion of the historic stonework. (III) The lack of proper public conveniences within the structure is yet another current problem. (IV) Many visitors would rather make use of an unfrequented corner instead of having to wait for the tour to end. (V) This problem can hopefully be solved with the installation of portable toilets inside larger galleries within the huge structure.

(I) Genetic drift refers to the random fluctuations in the frequencies of gene variants in a population over time. (II) This process is particularly influential in small, isolated populations where chance events can significantly alter the gene pool. (III) Natural selection, by contrast, is a non-random process where traits that enhance survival become more common. (IV) Because these shifts are governed by probability rather than adaptive advantage, they can sometimes lead to the loss of beneficial alleles. (V) Over many generations, such cumulative random changes may even result in the emergence of a new species.